{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T08:06:36Z","timestamp":1791533196997,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,10]],"date-time":"2015-08-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1439164800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Neurogenic bladder (NB) or neurogenic lower urinary tract dysfunction (NLUTD), a dysfunction of the urinary bladder and urethra due to disease of the central nervous system or peripheral nerves, is a major global medical and social problem. Numerous nervous system abnormalities, such as: stroke, Alzheimer\u2019s and Parkinson\u2019s diseases, traumatic spinal cord injury, spinal cord tumors, congenital spina bifida, and diabetes, can cause NB\/NLUTD. There are two major types of bladder control problems associated with NB\/NLUTD: the bladder becomes either overactive or underactive depending on the nature, level, and extent of nerve damage. This review specifically focuses on the diagnosis and management of NB\/NLUTD in China as well as on recent efforts to treat this disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms160818580","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,10]],"date-time":"2015-08-10T11:15:00Z","timestamp":1439205300000},"page":"18580-18600","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":54,"title":["Evaluation and Management of Neurogenic Bladder:  What Is New in China?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Limin","family":"Liao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing 100068, China"},{"name":"Department of Urology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China"},{"name":"Center of Neural Injury and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing 100068, China"},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Rehabilitation, Beijing 100068, China\u00a0"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2009.04.028","article-title":"EAU guidelines on neurogenic lower urinary tract dysfunction","volume":"56","author":"Stohrer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. Urol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/120.1.111","article-title":"A PET study on brain control of micturition in humans","volume":"120","author":"Blok","year":"1997","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/124.2.369","article-title":"Brain responses to changes in bladder volume and urge to void in healthy men","volume":"124","author":"Athwal","year":"2001","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2004.08.027","article-title":"An fMRI study of the role of suprapontine brain structures in the voluntary voiding control induced by pelvic floor contraction","volume":"24","author":"Zhang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1007\/s11255-015-0978-0","article-title":"A resting-state functional MRI study on central control of storage: Brain response provoked by strong desire to void","volume":"47","author":"Gao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. Urol. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.10066","article-title":"Good urodynamic practices: Uroflowmetry, filling cystometry, and pressure-flow studies","volume":"21","author":"Schaefer","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neurourol. Urodyn."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1301","DOI":"10.1007\/s11255-014-0668-3","article-title":"Quantitative quality control during urodynamic studies with TVRs for cystometry in men with lower urinary tract symptoms suggestive of benign prostatic hyperplasia","volume":"46","author":"Liao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. Urol. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1007\/s11255-013-0633-6","article-title":"Qualitative quality control during urodynamic studies with TSPs for cystometry in men with lower urinary tract symptoms suggestive of benign prostatic hyperplasia","volume":"46","author":"Liao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. Urol. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-7262.2007.00304.x","article-title":"Effects of retrospective quality control on pressure-flow data with computer-based urodynamic systems from men with benign prostatic hyperplasia","volume":"9","author":"Liao","year":"2007","journal-title":"Asian J. Androl."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1520-6777(1999)18:2<139::AID-NAU9>3.0.CO;2-U","article-title":"The standardization of terminology in neurogenic lower urinary tract dysfunction: With suggestions for diagnostic procedures. International continence Society Standardization Committee","volume":"18","author":"Stoehrer","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neurourol. Urodyn."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2490-14-38","article-title":"New grading system for upper urinary tract dilation using magnetic resonance urography in patients with neurogenic bladder","volume":"14","author":"Liao","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Urol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1159\/000473484","article-title":"A plea for standardized grading of vesicoureteral reflux","volume":"8","author":"Duckett","year":"1982","journal-title":"Eur. Urol."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"217","article-title":"The various types of neurogenic bladder dysfunction: An update of current therapeutic concepts","volume":"28","author":"Madersbacher","year":"1990","journal-title":"Paraplegia"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.10052","article-title":"The standardization of terminology of lower urinary tract function","volume":"21","author":"Abrams","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neurourol. Urodyn."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1159\/000365056","article-title":"A new comprehensive classification system for both lower and upper urinary tract dysfunction in patients with neurogenic bladder","volume":"94","author":"Liao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Urol. Int."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"63","article-title":"The value of intermittent catheterisation in the early management of traumatic paraplegia and tetraplegia","volume":"4","author":"Guttmann","year":"1966","journal-title":"Paraplegia"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.sc.3101312","article-title":"Intermittent catheterization: Which is the optimal technique?","volume":"40","author":"Wyndaele","year":"2002","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1007\/s11255-015-0911-6","article-title":"The possible role of percutaneous tibial nerve stimulation using adhesive skin surface electrodes in patients with neurogenic detrusor overactivity secondary to spinal cord injury","volume":"47","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. Urol. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2293","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1743-6109.2012.02821.x","article-title":"Tadalafil enhances the inhibitory effects of tamsulosin on neurogenic contractions of human prostate and bladder neck","volume":"9","author":"Angulo","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Sex Med."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2010.10.037","article-title":"Vardenafil decreases bladder afferent nerve activity in unanesthetized, decerebrate, spinal cord-injured rats","volume":"59","author":"Oger","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. Urol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1903","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-011-0512-4","article-title":"Neurochemical plasticity of nitric oxide synthase isoforms in neurogenic detrusor overactivity after spinal cord injury","volume":"36","author":"Zhang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurochem. Res."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2013.02.077","article-title":"A phase III, randomized, double-blind, parallel-group, placebo-controlled, multicentre study to assess the efficacy and safety of the \u03b23 adrenoceptor agonist, mirabegron, in patients with symptoms of overactive bladder","volume":"82","author":"Herschorn","year":"2013","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1320","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2013.05.062","article-title":"Urodynamics and safety of the \u03b23-adrenoceptor agonist mirabegron in males with lower urinary tract symptoms and bladder outlet obstruction","volume":"190","author":"Nitti","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1242","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ju.0000084623.65480.f8","article-title":"Tamsulosin: Efficacy and safety in patients with neurogenic lower urinary tract dysfunction due to suprasacral spinal cord injury","volume":"170","author":"Abrams","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ju.0000162035.73977.1c","article-title":"Botulinum toxin type a is a safe and effective treatment for neurogenic urinary incontinence: Results of a single treatment, randomized, placebo controlled 6-month study","volume":"174","author":"Schurch","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2011.07.002","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of onabotulinumtoxinA in patients with urinary incontinence due to neurogenic detrusor overactivity: A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"60","author":"Cruz","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. Urol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2004.11.009","article-title":"Success of repeat detrusor injections of botulinum a toxin in patients with severe neurogenic detrusor overactivity and incontinence","volume":"47","author":"Grosse","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur. Urol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"784","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2004.07.011","article-title":"Lack of ultrastructural detrusor changes following endoscopic injection of botulinum toxin type a in overactive neurogenic bladder","volume":"46","author":"Haferkamp","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur. Urol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1007\/s11255-010-9873-x","article-title":"Injections of Botulinum Toxin A into the detrusor to treat neurogenic detrusor overactivity secondary to spinal cord injury","volume":"43","author":"Chen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. Urol. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2012.180","article-title":"Detrusor botulinum toxin A injection significantly decreased urinary tract infection in patients with traumatic spinal cord injury","volume":"51","author":"Jia","year":"2013","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.1007\/s00192-015-2631-y","article-title":"Intravesical injection of botulinum toxin A for treatment of interstitial cystitis\/bladder pain syndrome: 10 years of experience at a single center in China","volume":"26","author":"Gao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. Urogynecol. J."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"146","article-title":"Surgery Illustrated\u2014Surgical atlas sacral neuromodulation","volume":"110","author":"Wollner","year":"2012","journal-title":"BJU Int."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2010.09.024","article-title":"Sacral neuromodulation for neurogenic lower urinary tract dysfunction: Systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"58","author":"Kessler","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. Urol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, G., and Liao, L.M. (2014). Sacral neuromodulation for neurogenic bladder and bowel dysfunction with multiple symptoms secondary to spinal cord disease. Spinal Cord.","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2014.157"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525-1403.2012.00434.x","article-title":"The inhibitory effects of pudendal nerve stimulation on bladder overactivity in spinal cord injury dogs: Is early stimulation necessary?","volume":"15","author":"Chen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuromodulation"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2013.60","article-title":"Early low-frequency stimulation of the pudendal nerve can inhibit detrusor overactivity and delay progress of bladder fibrosis in dogs with spinal cord injuries","volume":"51","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ucl.2004.09.003","article-title":"The bion device: A minimally invasive implantable ministimulator for pudendal nerve neuromodulation in patients with detrusor overactivity incontinence","volume":"32","author":"Bosch","year":"2005","journal-title":"Urol. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.20131","article-title":"Chronic pudendal nerve neuromodulation in women with idiopathic refractory detrusor overactivity incontinence: Results of a pilot study with a novel minimally invasive implantable mini-stimulator","volume":"24","author":"Groen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neurourol. Urodyn."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2010.04.022","article-title":"Updated systematic review and meta-analysis of the comparative data on colposuspensions, pubovaginal slings, and midurethral tapes in the surgical treatment of female stress urinary incontinence","volume":"58","author":"Novara","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. Urol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F1576","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00107.2012","article-title":"Inhibition of bladder overactivity by a combination of tibial neuromodulation and tramadol treatment in cats","volume":"302","author":"Zhang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Ren. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1186\/s12894-015-0023-8","article-title":"Electrical stimulation of somatic afferent nerves in the foot increases bladder capacity in neurogenic bladder patients after sigmoid cystoplasty","volume":"15","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Urol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2012.05.010","article-title":"Sigmoidocolocystoplasty with ureteral reimplantation for treatment of neurogenic bladder","volume":"80","author":"Zhang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2117","DOI":"10.1007\/s11255-014-0782-2","article-title":"Midterm outcomes of protection for upper urinary tract function by augmentation enterocystoplasty in patients with neurogenic bladder","volume":"46","author":"Liao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. Urol. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2490-14-69","article-title":"Histologic and functional outcomes of small intestine submucosa-regenerated bladder tissue","volume":"14","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Urol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2014.01.116","article-title":"Tissue engineered cystoplasty augmentation for treatment of neurogenic bladder using small intestinal submucosa: An exploratory study","volume":"192","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1051","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpurol.2014.03.010","article-title":"Bladder muscular wall regeneration with autologous adipose mesenchymal stem cells on three-dimensional collagen-based tissue-engineered prepuce and biocompatible nanofibrillar scaffold","volume":"10","author":"Kajbafzadeh","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Urol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1869","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2005.08.028","article-title":"Bladder autoaugmentation using various biodegradable scaffolds seeded with autologous smooth muscle cells in a rabbit model","volume":"40","author":"Lai","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2035","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2008.01.005","article-title":"Local and systemic effects of a tissue engineered neobladder in a canine cystoplasty model","volume":"179","author":"Kwon","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1111\/bju.12848","article-title":"Long-term functional outcomes after artificial urinary sphincter (AMS 800\u00ae) implantation in men with stress urinary incontinence","volume":"115","author":"Ambrogi","year":"2015","journal-title":"BJU Int."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1912","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2008.01.048","article-title":"Long-term durability and functional outcomes among patients with artificial urinary sphincters: A 10-year retrospective review from the University of Michigan","volume":"179","author":"Kim","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2006.10.062","article-title":"13 years of experience with artificial urinary sphincter implantation at Baylor College of Medicine","volume":"177","author":"Lai","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.3171\/SPI.2008.9.10.390","article-title":"Stem cell delivery by lumbar puncture as a therapeutic alternative to direct injection into injured spinal cord","volume":"9","author":"Neuhuber","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg. Spine"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2011.128","article-title":"Intravenously transplanted bone marrow stromal cells promote recovery of lower urinary tract function in rats with complete spinal cord injury","volume":"50","author":"Hu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1038\/gt.2014.19","article-title":"Herpes simplex virus vector-mediated gene transfer of kynurenine aminotransferase improves detrusor overactivity in spinal cord-injured rats","volume":"21","author":"Jia","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gene Ther."},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"Na, Y.Q., Ye, Z.Q., and Sun, G. (2011). Chinese Guidelines on Urologic Diseases, People\u2019s Medical Publishing House."},{"key":"ref_56","unstructured":"Na, Y.Q., Ye, Z.Q., Sun, Y.H., and Sun, G. (2014). Chinese Guidelines on Urologic Diseases, People\u2019s Medical Publishing House. [2nd ed.]. (In Chinese)."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/16\/8\/18580\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T20:50:27Z","timestamp":1760215827000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/16\/8\/18580"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,10]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,8]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms160818580"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms160818580","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,10]]}}}