{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T11:31:46Z","timestamp":1788175906752,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,2]],"date-time":"2015-09-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1441152000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic and inflammatory skin disease that can place a significant burden on quality of life for patients. AD most frequently appears under the age of six and although its prevalence is increasing worldwide, therapeutic treatment options are limited. Chlorella vulgaris (CV) is a species of the freshwater green algae genus chlorella, and has been reported to modulate allergy-inducible factors when ingested. Here, we examined the effect of CV supplementation on AD-like symptoms in  NC\/Nga mice. CV was orally administrated for six weeks while AD-like symptoms  were induced via topical application of Dermatophagoides farinae extract (DFE).  CV treatment reduced dermatitis scores, epidermal thickness, and skin hydration. Histological analysis also revealed that CV treatment reduced DFE-induced eosinophil and mast cell infiltration into the skin, while analysis of serum chemokine levels indicated that CV treatment downregulated thymus- and activation-regulated chemokine (TARC) and  macrophage-derived chemokine (MDC) levels. In addition, CV treatment downregulated mRNA expression levels of IL-4 and IFN-\u03b3. Taken together, these results suggest that CV extract may have potential as a nutraceutical ingredient for the prevention of AD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms160921021","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,3]],"date-time":"2015-09-03T03:10:43Z","timestamp":1441249843000},"page":"21021-21034","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Chlorella vulgaris Attenuates Dermatophagoides  Farinae-Induced Atopic Dermatitis-Like Symptoms  in NC\/Nga Mice"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Heerim","family":"Kang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"WCU Biomodulation Major, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chang","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"WCU Biomodulation Major, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jong","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"WCU Biomodulation Major, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, Korea"},{"name":"Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology, Seoul National University, Suwon 443-270, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jung","family":"Kwon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology, Seoul National University, Suwon 443-270, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sang","family":"Seo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"WCU Biomodulation Major, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, Korea"},{"name":"Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology, Seoul National University, Suwon 443-270, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jae","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomaterials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Korea"},{"name":"Department of Health Food Research & Development of Daesang Corp., Icheon 467-813, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Byung","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Food Research & Development of Daesang Corp., Icheon 467-813, Korea"},{"name":"Interdisplinary course of Science for Aging, Graduate School, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jong-Eun","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"WCU Biomodulation Major, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, Korea"},{"name":"Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology, Seoul National University, Suwon 443-270, Korea"},{"name":"Research Institute of Bio-Food Industry, Institute of Green Bio-Science and Technology,  Seoul National University, Pyeongchang 232-916, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ki","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"WCU Biomodulation Major, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, Korea"},{"name":"Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology, Seoul National University, Suwon 443-270, Korea"},{"name":"Research Institute of Bio-Food Industry, Institute of Green Bio-Science and Technology,  Seoul National University, Pyeongchang 232-916, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.1067\/mai.2000.106484","article-title":"Atopic dermatitis: New insights and opportunities for therapeutic intervention","volume":"105","author":"Leung","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1111\/all.12270","article-title":"New insights into the epidemiology of childhood atopic dermatitis","volume":"69","author":"Flohr","year":"2014","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1097\/MOP.0000000000000109","article-title":"2014 update on atopic dermatitis in children","volume":"26","author":"Totri","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2003.09.033","article-title":"Atopic dermatitis and the atopic march","volume":"112","author":"Spergel","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Von Kobyletzki, L.B., Bornehag, C.G., Hasselgren, M., Larsson, M., Lindstrom, C.B., and Svensson, A. (2012). Eczema in early childhood is strongly associated with the development of asthma and rhinitis in a prospective cohort. BMC Dermatol., 12.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-5945-12-11"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1483","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra074081","article-title":"Atopic dermatitis","volume":"358","author":"Bieber","year":"2008","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdermsci.2004.01.001","article-title":"Both Th2 and Th1 chemokines (TARC\/CCL17, MDC\/CCL22, and Mig\/CXCL9) are elevated in sera from patients with atopic dermatitis","volume":"34","author":"Shimada","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Dermatol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1135","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V98.4.1135","article-title":"Th2 polarization by Der p 1\u2014Pulsed monocyte-derived dendritic cells is due to the allergic status of the donors","volume":"98","author":"Hammad","year":"2001","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"219","article-title":"Monocyte-derived dendritic cells exposed to Der p 1 allergen enhance the recruitment of Th2 cells: Major involvement of the chemokines TARC\/CCL17 and MDC\/CCL22","volume":"14","author":"Hammad","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur. Cytokine Netw"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1038\/ni805","article-title":"Human epithelial cells trigger dendritic cell mediated allergic inflammation by producing TSLP","volume":"3","author":"Soumelis","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1007\/s11882-996-0008-5","article-title":"Immune dysregulation in atopic dermatitis","volume":"6","author":"Ong","year":"2006","journal-title":"Curr. Allergy Asthma. Rep."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2013.10.058","article-title":"20-O-\u03b2-d-glucopyranosyl-20(S)-protopanaxadiol-fortified ginseng extract attenuates the development of atopic dermatitis-like symptoms in NC\/Nga mice","volume":"151","author":"Kim","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e104938","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0104938","article-title":"7,8,4\u02b9-Trihydroxyisoflavone attenuates DNCB-induced atopic dermatitis-like symptoms in NC\/Nga mice","volume":"9","author":"Kim","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2133.2003.04934.x","article-title":"Clinical dose and adverse effects of topical steroids in daily management of atopic dermatitis","volume":"148","author":"Furue","year":"2003","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.01.010","article-title":"Adverse effects of topical glucocorticosteroids","volume":"54","author":"Hengge","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"372","article-title":"Micro-algae as sources of fine chemicals","volume":"3","author":"Borowitzka","year":"1986","journal-title":"Microbiol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"179","article-title":"Preliminary experiments in the use of Chlorella as human food","volume":"8","author":"Morimura","year":"1954","journal-title":"Food Technol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00199712","article-title":"Antitumor effect induced by a hot water extract of Chlorella vulgaris (CE): Resistance to meth-A tumor growth mediated by CE-induced polymorphonuclear leukocytes","volume":"19","author":"Konishi","year":"1985","journal-title":"Cancer Immunol. Immunother."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"661","article-title":"Effects of hight-fat and Chlorella vulgaris feeding on changes in lipid metabolism in mice","volume":"56","year":"2001","journal-title":"Biol. Bratisl."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"980","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2004.12.036","article-title":"Potential hypoglycemic effects of Chlorella in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice","volume":"77","year":"2005","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1263\/jbb.101.87","article-title":"Commercial applications of microalgae","volume":"101","author":"Spolaore","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Biosci. Bioeng."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.etp.2011.06.003","article-title":"Chlorella vulgaris extract ameliorates carbon tetrachloride-induced acute hepatic injury in mice","volume":"65","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"Exp. Toxicol. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/S0192-0561(99)00013-2","article-title":"Oral administration of hot water extracts of Chlorella vulgaris reduces IgE production against milk casein in mice","volume":"21","author":"Hasegawa","year":"1999","journal-title":"Int. J. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3133","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.6114","article-title":"Inhibitory effect of unicellular green algae (Chlorella vulgaris) water extract on allergic immune response","volume":"93","author":"Bae","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Sci. Food Agric."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"62","article-title":"Chlorella as a source of food","volume":"95","author":"Spoehr","year":"1951","journal-title":"Proc. Am. Philos. Soc."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kwak, J.H., Baek, S.H., Woo, Y., Han, J.K., Kim, B.G., Kim, O.Y., and Lee, J.H. (2012). Beneficial immunostimulatory effect of short-term Chlorella supplementation: Enhancement of natural killer cell activity and early inflammatory response (randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial). Nutr. J., 11.","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2891-11-53"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1038\/ng1767","article-title":"Common loss-of-function variants of the epidermal barrier protein filaggrin are a major predisposing factor for atopic dermatitis","volume":"38","author":"Palmer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.2340\/0001555565102105","article-title":"Transepidermal water loss in dry and clinically normal skin in patients with atopic dermatitis","volume":"65","author":"Werner","year":"1985","journal-title":"Acta Derm. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI21060","article-title":"New insights into atopic dermatitis","volume":"113","author":"Leung","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.168.3.853","article-title":"Interleukin 4 causes isotype switching to IgE in T cell-stimulated clonal B cell cultures","volume":"168","author":"Lebman","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1016\/S0091-6749(05)80010-7","article-title":"Decreased interferon gamma and increased interleukin-4 production in atopic dermatitis promotes IgE synthesis","volume":"90","author":"Jujo","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/16\/9\/21021\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T20:47:53Z","timestamp":1760215673000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/16\/9\/21021"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,2]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,9]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms160921021"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms160921021","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,2]]}}}