{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T02:21:42Z","timestamp":1790821302292,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":95,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,23]],"date-time":"2015-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1442966400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Magnesium (Mg) is the second most abundant cation in living cells. Over  300 enzymes are known to be Mg-dependent, and changes in the Mg concentration significantly affects the membrane potential. As Mg becomes deficient, starch accumulation and chlorosis, bridged by the generation of reactive oxygen species, are commonly found in Mg-deficient young mature leaves. These defects further cause the inhibition of photosynthesis and finally decrease the biomass. Recently, transcriptome analysis has indicated the transcriptinal downregulation of chlorophyll apparatus at the earlier stages of Mg deficiency, and also the potential involvement of complicated networks relating to hormonal signaling and circadian oscillation. However, the processes of the common symptoms as well as the networks between Mg deficiency and signaling are not yet fully understood. Here, for the purpose of defining the missing pieces, several problems are considered and explained by providing an introduction to recent reports on physiological and transcriptional responses to Mg deficiency. In addition, it has long been unclear whether the Mg deficiency response involves the modulation of Mg2+ transport system. In this review, the current status of research on Mg2+ transport and the relating transporters are also summarized. Especially, the rapid progress in physiological characterization of the plant MRS2 gene family as well as the fundamental investigation about the molecular mechanism of the action of bacterial CorA proteins are described.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms160923076","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,23]],"date-time":"2015-09-23T12:24:25Z","timestamp":1443011065000},"page":"23076-23093","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":71,"title":["Critical Issues in the Study of Magnesium Transport Systems and Magnesium Deficiency Symptoms in Plants"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Natsuko","family":"Kobayashi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, the University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7545-2771","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Keitaro","family":"Tanoi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, the University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Marschner, H. (1995). Mineral Nutrition of Higher Plants, Academic Press. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1007\/s11104-012-1555-2","article-title":"The significance of magnesium for crop quality","volume":"368","year":"2013","journal-title":"Plant Soil"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1170","DOI":"10.1039\/c3mt20223b","article-title":"An update on magnesium homeostasis mechanisms in plants","volume":"5","author":"Hermans","year":"2013","journal-title":"Metallomics"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-3054.1993.tb00153.x","article-title":"Influence of magnesium deficiency on rates of leaf expansion, starch and sucrose accumulation, and net assimilation in Phaseolus vulgaris","volume":"89","author":"Fischer","year":"1993","journal-title":"Physiol. Plant"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1399-3054.1998.1020103.x","article-title":"Magnesium deficiency results in accumulation of carbohydrates and amino acids in source and sink leaves of spinach","volume":"102","author":"Fischer","year":"1998","journal-title":"Physiol. Plant"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1007\/s00425-004-1340-4","article-title":"Physiological characterisation of magnesium deficiency in sugar beet: Acclimation to low magnesium differentially affects photosystems I and II","volume":"220","author":"Hermans","year":"2004","journal-title":"Planta"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2153","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/eri215","article-title":"Physiological characterization of Mg deficiency in Arabidopsis thaliana","volume":"56","author":"Hermans","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Exp. Bot."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-3054.2012.12003.x","article-title":"Leaf senescence in rice due to magnesium deficiency mediated defect in transpiration rate before sugar accumulation and chlorosis","volume":"148","author":"Kobayashi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Physiol. Plant"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1744-7348.2006.00080.x","article-title":"Characterisation of magnesium nutrition and interaction of magnesium and potassium in rice","volume":"149","author":"Ding","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann. Appl. Biol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8137.2010.03257.x","article-title":"Systems analysis of the responses to long-term magnesium deficiency and restoration in Arabidopsis thaliana","volume":"187","author":"Hermans","year":"2010","journal-title":"New Phytol."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Fischer, E.S. Photosynthetic irradiance response curves of Phaseolus vulgaris under moderate or severe magnesium deficiency. Available online: http:\/\/agris.fao.org\/agris-search\/search.do?recordID=CZ1997001001."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1093\/treephys\/19.8.535","article-title":"Magnesium nutrition and photosynthesis in Pinus radiata: Clonal variation and influence of potassium","volume":"19","author":"Sun","year":"1999","journal-title":"Tree Physiol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1245","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/45.9.1245","article-title":"Partitioning of shoot and root dry matter and carbohydrates in bean plants suffering from phosphorus, potassium and magnesium deficiency","volume":"45","author":"Cakmak","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Exp. Bot."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1251","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/45.9.1251","article-title":"Changes in phloem export of sucrose in leaves in response to phosphorus, potassium and magnesium deficiency in bean plants","volume":"45","author":"Cakmak","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Exp. Bot."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1007\/s00425-004-1376-5","article-title":"Magnesium deficiency in sugar beets alters sugar partitioning and phloem loading in young mature leaves","volume":"220","author":"Hermans","year":"2005","journal-title":"Planta"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1016\/S0176-1617(89)80248-2","article-title":"High light intensity enhances chlorosis and necrosis in leaves of zinc, potassium, and magnesium deficient bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) plants","volume":"134","author":"Marschner","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Plant Physiol."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"23","article-title":"Magnesium: A forgotten element in crop production","volume":"94","author":"Cakmak","year":"2010","journal-title":"Better Crops"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8137.2010.03258.x","article-title":"Early transcriptomic changes induced by magnesium deficiency in Arabidopsis thaliana reveal the alteration of circadian clock gene expression in roots and the triggering of abscisic acid-responsive genes","volume":"187","author":"Hermans","year":"2010","journal-title":"New Phytol."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"781","article-title":"Photosynthetic capacity, nutrient status, and growth of maize (Zea mays L.) upon MgSO4 leaf-application","volume":"5","author":"Jezek","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1038\/35021067","article-title":"Calcium channels activated by hydrogen peroxide mediate abscisic acid signalling in guard cells","volume":"406","author":"Pei","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scienta.2005.12.006","article-title":"Magnesium deficiency induced oxidative stress and antioxidant responses in mulberry plants","volume":"108","author":"Tewari","year":"2006","journal-title":"Sci. Hortic."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1222","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.98.4.1222","article-title":"Magnesium deficiency and high light intensity enhance activities of superoxide dismutase, ascorbate peroxidase, and glutathione reductase in bean leaves","volume":"98","author":"Cakmak","year":"1992","journal-title":"Plant Physiol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jplph.2010.12.004","article-title":"Effect of magnesium deficiency on antioxidant status and cadmium toxicity in rice seedlings","volume":"168","author":"Chou","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Plant Physiol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8137.2011.03814.x","article-title":"Low magnesium status in plants enhances tolerance to cadmium exposure","volume":"192","author":"Hermans","year":"2011","journal-title":"New Phytol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1237","DOI":"10.1007\/s00468-012-0699-2","article-title":"Physiological impacts of magnesium-deficiency in Citrus seedlings: Photosynthesis, antioxidant system and carbohydrates","volume":"26","author":"Yang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Trees"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1007\/s00425-010-1194-x","article-title":"Metabolism of organic acids, nitrogen and amino acids in chlorotic leaves of \u201cHoneycrisp\u201d apple (Malus domestica Borkh) with excessive accumulation of carbohydrates","volume":"232","author":"Wang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Planta"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1007\/s10535-013-0313-5","article-title":"Magnesium deficiency-induced changes in organic acid metabolism of Citrus sinensis roots and leaves","volume":"57","author":"Yang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biol. Plant"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3362","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jproteome.5b00399","article-title":"Protein dynamics in young maize root hairs in response to macro- and micro-nutrient deprivation","volume":"14","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Proteome Res."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8137.2010.03619.x","article-title":"Magnesium transporters, MGT2\/MRS2-1 and MGT3\/MRS2-5, are important for magnesium partitioning within Arabidopsis thaliana mesophyll vacuoles","volume":"190","author":"Conn","year":"2011","journal-title":"New Phytol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/err283","article-title":"Establishment of an in planta magnesium monitoring system using CAX3 promoter-luciferase in Arabidopsis","volume":"63","author":"Kamiya","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Exp. Bot."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1118","DOI":"10.1093\/pcp\/pct062","article-title":"Magnesium deficiency phenotypes upon multiple knockout of Arabidopsis thaliana MRS2 Clade B genes can be ameliorated by concomitantly reduced calcium supply","volume":"54","author":"Lenz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Plant Cell Physiol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4742","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.171.9.4742-4751.1989","article-title":"Magnesium transport in Salmonella typhimurium: Genetic characterization and cloning of three magnesium transport loci","volume":"171","author":"Hmiel","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1127121","article-title":"Crystal structure of a divalent metal ion transporter CorA at 2.9 angstrom resolution","volume":"313","author":"Eshaghi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00768852","article-title":"MgtA and MgtB: Prokaryotic P-type ATPases that mediate Mg2+ influx","volume":"24","author":"Maguire","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Bioenerg. Biomembr."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2654","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.177.10.2654-2662.1995","article-title":"Magnesium transport in Salmonella typhimurium: mgtA encodes a P-type ATPase and is regulated by Mg2+ in a manner similar to that of the mgtB P-type ATPase","volume":"177","author":"Tao","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(17)35246-8","article-title":"The mgtB Mg2+ transport locus of Salmonella typhimurium encodes a P-type ATPase","volume":"266","author":"Snavely","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4752","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.171.9.4752-4760.1989","article-title":"Magnesium transport in Salmonella typhimurium: Expression of cloned genes for three distinct Mg2+ transport systems","volume":"171","author":"Snavely","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1233","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.177.5.1233-1238.1995","article-title":"Cloning and characterization of MgtE, a putative new class of Mg2+ transporter from Bacillus firmus OF4","volume":"177","author":"Smith","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.2002.02917.x","article-title":"Mg2+ homeostasis and avoidance of metal toxicity","volume":"44","author":"Chamnongpol","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"878","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2007.06.051","article-title":"Structure and mechanism of a metal-sensing regulatory RNA","volume":"130","author":"Dann","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-291X(03)01030-1","article-title":"The human solute carrier SLC41A1 belongs to a novel eukaryotic subfamily with homology to prokaryotic MgtE Mg2+ transporters","volume":"306","author":"Wabakken","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4761","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.171.9.4761-4766.1989","article-title":"Magnesium transport in Salmonella typhimurium: 28Mg2+ transport by the CorA, MgtA, and MgtB systems","volume":"171","author":"Snavely","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1727","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.273.3.1727","article-title":"Overexpression of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae magnesium transport system confers resistance to aluminum ion","volume":"273","author":"MacDiarmid","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20438","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.274.29.20438","article-title":"The bacterial magnesium transporter CorA can functionally substitute for its putative homologue Mrs2p in the yeast inner mitochondrial membrane","volume":"274","author":"Bui","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1534\/genetics.109.106419","article-title":"MNR2 regulates intracellular magnesium storage in Saccharomyces cerevisiae","volume":"183","author":"Pisat","year":"2009","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1007\/s00438-005-0011-x","article-title":"Transport of magnesium and other divalent cations: Evolution of the 2-TM-GxN proteins in the MIT superfamily","volume":"274","author":"Knoop","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mol. Genet. Genom."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36973","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.274.52.36973","article-title":"The CorA Mg2+ transport protein of Salmonella typhimurium. Mutagenesis of conserved residues in the second membrane domain","volume":"274","author":"Szegedy","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1039\/c3mt20201a","article-title":"The G-M-N motif determines ion selectivity in the yeast magnesium channel Mrs2p","volume":"5","author":"Sponder","year":"2013","journal-title":"Metallomics"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3002","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1319054111","article-title":"A repulsion mechanism explains magnesium permeation and selectivity in CorA","volume":"111","author":"Dalmas","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dalmas, O., Sompornpisut, P., Bezanilla, F., and Perozo, E. (2014). Molecular mechanism of Mg2+-dependent gating in CorA. Nat. Commun., 5.","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms4590"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18459","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1210076109","article-title":"Structural insights into the mechanisms of Mg2+ uptake, transport, and gating by CorA","volume":"109","author":"Guskov","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18809","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1209018109","article-title":"Structural asymmetry in the magnesium channel CorA points to sequential allosteric regulation","volume":"109","author":"Pfoh","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1004303","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1004303","article-title":"Hydrophobic gating of ion permeation in magnesium channel CorA","volume":"11","author":"Neale","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Comput. Biol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1072","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06093","article-title":"Crystal structure of the MgtE Mg2+ transporter","volume":"448","author":"Hattori","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3602","DOI":"10.1038\/emboj.2009.288","article-title":"Mg2+-dependent gating of bacterial MgtE channel underlies Mg2+ homeostasis","volume":"28","author":"Hattori","year":"2009","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16216","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M101504200","article-title":"The yeast plasma membrane protein Alr1 controls Mg2+ homeostasis and is subject to Mg2+-dependent control of its synthesis and degradation","volume":"276","author":"Graschopf","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20896","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0020896","article-title":"Regulation of Alr1 Mg transporter activity by intracellular magnesium","volume":"6","author":"Lim","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1493","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.110.168047","article-title":"K+ transport by the OsHKT2;4 transporter from rice with atypical Na+ transport properties and competition in permeation of K+ over Mg2+ and Ca2+ ions","volume":"156","author":"Horie","year":"2011","journal-title":"Plant Physiol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1387","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-313x.1997.12061387.x","article-title":"Slowly activating vacuolar channels can not mediate Ca2+-induced Ca2+ release","volume":"12","author":"Pottosin","year":"1997","journal-title":"Plant J."},{"key":"ref_60","first-page":"303","article-title":"The cyclic nucleotide-gated channel AtCNGC10 transports Ca2+ and Mg2+ in Arabidopsis","volume":"139","author":"Guo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Physiol. Plant"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8137.2007.02128.x","article-title":"Physiological roles of nonselective cation channels in plants: From salt stress to signalling and development","volume":"175","author":"Demidchik","year":"2007","journal-title":"New Phytol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3973","DOI":"10.1093\/emboj\/18.14.3973","article-title":"Cloning and characterization of a novel Mg2+\/H+ exchanger","volume":"18","author":"Shaul","year":"1999","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/eri097","article-title":"Expression of AtMHX, an Arabidopsis vacuolar metal transporter, is repressed by the 5\u2032 untranslated region of its gene","volume":"56","author":"Saul","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Exp. Bot."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2229-13-75","article-title":"Phylogeny and a structural model of plant MHX transporters","volume":"13","author":"Gaash","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Plant Biol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9660","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.161215198","article-title":"The yeast mutant vps5\u0394 affected in the recycling of Golgi membrane proteins displays an enhanced vacuolar Mg2+\/H+ exchange activity","volume":"98","author":"Borrelly","year":"2001","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_66","first-page":"489","article-title":"A member of a novel Arabidopsis thaliana gene family of candidate Mg2+ ion transporters complements a yeast mitochondrial group II intron-splicing mutant","volume":"24","author":"Schock","year":"2000","journal-title":"Plant J."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2761","DOI":"10.1105\/tpc.010352","article-title":"A novel family of magnesium transport genes in Arabidopsis","volume":"13","author":"Li","year":"2001","journal-title":"Plant Cell"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1038\/cr.2009.58","article-title":"Magnesium transporter AtMGT9 is essential for pollen development in Arabidopsis","volume":"19","author":"Chen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1093\/mp\/ssn031","article-title":"A mitochondrial magnesium transporter functions in Arabidopsis pollen development","volume":"1","author":"Li","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mol. Plant"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1530","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1744-7909.2008.00770.x","article-title":"AtMGT7: An Arabidopsis gene encoding a low-affinity magnesium transporter","volume":"50","author":"Mao","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Integr. Plant Biol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plantsci.2005.08.018","article-title":"A putative magnesium transporter AtMRS2-11 is localized to the plant chloroplast envelope membrane system","volume":"170","author":"Drummond","year":"2006","journal-title":"Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4018","DOI":"10.1105\/tpc.109.070557","article-title":"A root-expressed magnesium transporter of the MRS2\/MGT gene family in Arabidopsis thaliana allows for growth in low-Mg2+ environments","volume":"21","author":"Gebert","year":"2009","journal-title":"Plant Cell"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamem.2012.04.015","article-title":"Functional reconstitution and characterization of the Arabidopsis Mg2+ transporter AtMRS2-10 in proteoliposomes","volume":"1818","author":"Ishijima","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4235","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/erl201","article-title":"Overexpression of an Arabidopsis magnesium transport gene, AtMGT1, in Nicotiana benthamiana confers Al tolerance","volume":"57","author":"Deng","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Exp. Bot."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12348","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0012348","article-title":"Growth performance and root transcriptome remodeling of Arabidopsis in response to mars-like levels of magnesium sulfate","volume":"5","author":"Visscher","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2234","DOI":"10.1105\/tpc.114.124628","article-title":"Arabidopsis transporter MGT6 mediates magnesium uptake and is required for growth under magnesium limitation","volume":"26","author":"Mao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Plant Cell"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1673","DOI":"10.1093\/pcp\/pct112","article-title":"Expression and functional analysis of the CorA-MRS2-ALR-type magnesium transporter family in rice","volume":"54","author":"Saito","year":"2013","journal-title":"Plant Cell Physiol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1235","DOI":"10.1093\/emboj\/cdg122","article-title":"Mrs2p is an essential component of the major electrophoretic Mg2+ influx system in mitochondria","volume":"22","author":"Kolisek","year":"2003","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.1016\/j.str.2011.02.011","article-title":"X-ray crystallography and isothermal titration calorimetry studies of the Salmonella zinc transporter ZntB","volume":"19","author":"Wan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Structure"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1624","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.112.199778","article-title":"Up-regulation of a magnesium transporter gene OsMGT1 is required for conferring aluminum tolerance in rice","volume":"159","author":"Chen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Plant Physiol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3339","DOI":"10.1105\/tpc.109.070771","article-title":"A Zinc finger transcription factor ART1 regulates multiple genes implicated in aluminum tolerance in rice","volume":"21","author":"Yamaji","year":"2009","journal-title":"Plant Cell"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1007\/s11104-012-1433-y","article-title":"Magnesium transporters and their role in Al tolerance in plants","volume":"368","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Plant Soil."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3905","DOI":"10.1105\/tpc.109.072694","article-title":"Root-specific reduction of cytokinin causes enhanced root growth, drought tolerance, and leaf mineral enrichment in Arabidopsis and tobacco","volume":"22","author":"Werner","year":"2010","journal-title":"Plant Cell"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00195682","article-title":"Transport of magnesium ions in the phloem of Ricinus communis L. seedlings","volume":"190","author":"Zhong","year":"1993","journal-title":"Planta"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1387","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.pcp.a077237","article-title":"Collection of pure phloem sap from wheat and its chemical composition","volume":"27","author":"Hayashi","year":"1986","journal-title":"Plant Cell Physiol."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1007\/s10967-012-2010-9","article-title":"Application of 28Mg for characterization of Mg uptake in rice seedling under different pH conditions","volume":"296","author":"Kobayashi","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1080\/00380768.2012.751554","article-title":"Different magnesium uptake and transport activity along the rice root axis revealed by 28Mg tracer experiments","volume":"59","author":"Kobayashi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Soil Sci. Plant Nutr."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1007\/s11104-014-2197-3","article-title":"Effects of magnesium deficiency on magnesium uptake activity of rice root, evaluated using 28Mg as a tracer","volume":"384","author":"Tanoi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Plant Soil"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.3769\/radioisotopes.63.227","article-title":"Quantitative analysis of 28Mg in Arabidopsis using real-time radioisotope imaging system (RRIS)","volume":"63","author":"Sugita","year":"2014","journal-title":"Radioisotopes"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1501","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2011.0229","article-title":"Development of real-time radioisotope imaging systems for plant nutrient uptake studies","volume":"367","author":"Kanno","year":"2012","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1093","DOI":"10.1093\/pcp\/pct064","article-title":"Low-pH and aluminum resistance in Arabidopsis correlates with high cytosolic magnesium content and increased magnesium uptake by plant roots","volume":"54","author":"Bose","year":"2013","journal-title":"Plant Cell Physiol."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2032","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamem.2013.05.019","article-title":"Membrane protein interactions between different Arabidopsis thaliana MRS2-type magnesium transporters are highly permissive","volume":"1828","author":"Schmitz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11721","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M707889200","article-title":"Probing structure-function relationships and gating mechanisms in the CorA Mg2+ transport system","volume":"283","author":"Payandeh","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1646","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.126.4.1646","article-title":"Phylogenetic relationships within cation transporter families of Arabidopsis","volume":"126","author":"Thomine","year":"2001","journal-title":"Plant Physiol."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jplph.2008.12.009","article-title":"K+ transport in plants: Physiology and molecular biology","volume":"166","author":"Szczerba","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Plant Physiol."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/16\/9\/23076\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T20:49:08Z","timestamp":1760215748000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/16\/9\/23076"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,23]]},"references-count":95,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,9]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms160923076"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms160923076","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,23]]}}}