{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T12:35:52Z","timestamp":1790339752699,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,30]],"date-time":"2015-11-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1448841600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Ministry of Science and Technology, China","award":["2012YQ040140"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2012YQ040140"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["31200636"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31200636"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Carbon ion radiation is a promising treatment for brain cancer; however, the immune system involved long-term systemic effects evoke a concern of complementary and alternative therapies in clinical treatment. To clarify radiotherapy caused fundamental changes in peripheral immune system, examinations were performed based on established models in vitro and in vivo. We found that brain-localized carbon ion radiation of neural cells induced complex changes in the peripheral blood, thymus, and spleen at one, two, and three months after its application. Atrophy, apoptosis, and abnormal T-cell distributions were observed in rats receiving a single high dose of radiation. Radiation downregulated the expression of proteins involved in T-cell development at the transcriptional level and increased the proportion of CD3+CD4\u2212CD8+ T-cells in the thymus and the proportion of CD3+CD4+CD8\u2212 T-cells in the spleen. These data show that brain irradiation severely affects the peripheral immune system, even at relatively long times after irradiation. In addition, they provide valuable information that will implement the design of biological-based strategies that will aid brain cancer patients suffering from the long-term side effects of radiation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms161226109","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,30]],"date-time":"2015-11-30T10:57:24Z","timestamp":1448881044000},"page":"28334-28346","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Carbon Ion Irradiated Neural Injury Induced the Peripheral Immune Effects in Vitro or in Vivo"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Runhong","family":"Lei","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tuo","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Space Radiobiology, Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine, Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nuclear Physics, China Institute of Atomic Energy, Beijing 102413, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hong","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yulin","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2008.12.092","article-title":"Brain injury after proton therapy or carbon ion therapy for head-and-neck cancer and skull base tumors","volume":"75","author":"Miyawaki","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. 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