{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T10:45:35Z","timestamp":1780051535092,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,21]],"date-time":"2015-12-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1450656000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Foundation Foltra"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The aim of this study is to describe the results obtained after growth hormone (GH) treatment and neurorehabilitation in a young man that suffered a very grave traumatic brain injury (TBI) after a plane crash. Methods: Fifteen months after the accident, the patient was treated with GH, 1 mg\/day, at three-month intervals, followed by one-month resting, together with daily neurorehabilitation. Blood analysis at admission showed that no pituitary deficits existed. At admission, the patient presented: spastic tetraplegia, dysarthria, dysphagia, very severe cognitive deficits and joint deformities. Computerized tomography scanners (CT-Scans) revealed the practical loss of the right brain hemisphere and important injuries in the left one. Clinical and blood analysis assessments were performed every three months for three years. Feet surgery was needed because of irreducible equinovarus. Results: Clinical and kinesitherapy assessments revealed a prompt improvement in cognitive functions, dysarthria and dysphagia disappeared and three years later the patient was able to live a practically normal life, walking alone and coming back to his studies. No adverse effects were observed during and after GH administration. Conclusions: These results, together with previous results from our group, indicate that GH treatment is safe and effective for helping neurorehabilitation in TBI patients, once the acute phase is resolved, regardless of whether or not they have GH-deficiency (GHD).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms161226244","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,21]],"date-time":"2015-12-21T10:43:59Z","timestamp":1450694639000},"page":"30470-30482","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Brain Recovery after a Plane Crash: Treatment with Growth Hormone (GH) and Neurorehabilitation: A Case Report"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4153-2543","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jes\u00fas","family":"Devesa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Scientific Direction Medical Centre Foltra, Teo 15886, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela 15710, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gustavo","family":"D\u00edaz-Getino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Scientific Direction Medical Centre Foltra, Teo 15886, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pablo","family":"Rey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Scientific Direction Medical Centre Foltra, Teo 15886, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Garc\u00eda-Cancela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Scientific Direction Medical Centre Foltra, Teo 15886, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iria","family":"Loures","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Scientific Direction Medical Centre Foltra, Teo 15886, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sonia","family":"Nogueiras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Scientific Direction Medical Centre Foltra, Teo 15886, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alba","family":"Hurtado de Mendoza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Scientific Direction Medical Centre Foltra, Teo 15886, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luc\u00eda","family":"Salgado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Scientific Direction Medical Centre Foltra, Teo 15886, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M\u00f3nica","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Scientific Direction Medical Centre Foltra, Teo 15886, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tamara","family":"Pablos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Scientific Direction Medical Centre Foltra, Teo 15886, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pablo","family":"Devesa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Scientific Direction Medical Centre Foltra, Teo 15886, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"S173","article-title":"Neurotransmitter-mediated mechanisms of traumatic brain injury: Acetylcholine and excitatory amino acids","volume":"9","author":"Hayes","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Neurotrauma"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1996.03540070065034","article-title":"Pharmacologic treatment of acute traumatic brain injury","volume":"276","author":"Faden","year":"1996","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1037\/0894-4105.22.5.618","article-title":"Cognitive functioning ten years following traumatic brain injury and rehabilitation","volume":"22","author":"Draper","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuropsychology"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2990.1998.00121.x","article-title":"The dorothy russell memorial lecture. The molecular and cellular sequelae of experimental traumatic brain injury: Pathogenetic mechanisms","volume":"24","author":"McIntosh","year":"1998","journal-title":"Neuropathol. Appl. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.1998.15.731","article-title":"Novel pharmacologic strategies in the treatment of experimental traumatic brain injury: 1998","volume":"15","author":"McIntosh","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Neurotrauma"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1007\/s004410050061","article-title":"Neuronal death after brain injury: Models, mechanisms, and therapeutic strategies in vivo","volume":"298","author":"Kermer","year":"1999","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Res."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1093\/jnen\/59.8.641","article-title":"Recent advances in neurotrauma","volume":"59","author":"Graham","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yhbeh.2012.02.022","article-title":"Growth hormone (GH) and brain trauma","volume":"63","author":"Devesa","year":"2013","journal-title":"Horm. Behav."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11903","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms160611903","article-title":"What\u2019s new in traumatic brain injury: Update on tracking, monitoring and treatment","volume":"16","author":"Reis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-510X(01)00557-3","article-title":"Therapeutical benefit of intracerebral administration of bone marrow stromal cells after cerebral ischemia in rats","volume":"189","author":"Chen","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trim.2005.09.003","article-title":"Stem cell transplantation as a therapeutic strategy for traumatic brain injury","volume":"15","author":"Longhi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Transpl. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.0000247888.25985.62","article-title":"Cell transplantation therapy for stroke","volume":"38","author":"Bliss","year":"2007","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2015.01.008","article-title":"Strategies for CNS repair following TBI","volume":"275","author":"Aertker","year":"2015","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alderson, P., Gadkary, C., and Signorini, D.F. (2004). Therapeutic hypothermia for head injury. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev., 4.","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD001048.pub2"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.3109\/02699052.2011.559611","article-title":"Growth hormone (GH) treatment may cooperate with locally-produced GH in increasing the proliferative response of hippocampal progenitors to kainate-induced injury","volume":"25","author":"Devesa","year":"2011","journal-title":"Brain Inj."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-328X(99)00051-0","article-title":"Alterations in the neural growth hormone axis following hypoxic-ischemic brain injury","volume":"68","author":"Scheepens","year":"1999","journal-title":"Brain Res. Mol. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1483","DOI":"10.1515\/jpem-2000-s623","article-title":"A role for the somatotropic axis in neural development, injury and disease","volume":"6","author":"Scheepens","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4522(01)00109-9","article-title":"Growth hormone as a neuronal rescue factor during recovery from CNS injury","volume":"104","author":"Scheepens","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4522(01)00145-2","article-title":"Insulin-like growth factor-1 improves somatosensory function and reduces the extent of cortical infarction and ongoing neuronal loss after hypoxia-ischemia in rats","volume":"105","author":"Guan","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.2340\/16501977-0416","article-title":"Recovery from neurological sequelae secondary to oncological brain surgery in an adult growth hormone-deficient patient after growth hormone treatment","volume":"41","author":"Devesa","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Rehabil. Med."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"585","article-title":"Effects of recombinant growth hormone replacement and physical rehabilitation in recovery of gross motor function in children with cerebral palsy","volume":"6","author":"Reimunde","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ther. Clin. Risk Manag."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1565","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2009.1253","article-title":"Effect of growth hormone replacement therapy on cognition after traumatic brain injury","volume":"27","author":"High","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Neurotrauma"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03350340","article-title":"Psychiatric and neuropsychological changes in growth hormone-deficient patients after traumatic brain injury in response to growth hormone therapy","volume":"33","author":"Maric","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol. Investig."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.3109\/02699052.2010.536196","article-title":"Effects of growth hormone (GH) replacement and cognitive rehabilitation in patients with cognitive disorders after traumatic brain injury","volume":"25","author":"Reimunde","year":"2011","journal-title":"Brain Inj."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.2147\/TCRM.S21403","article-title":"Effects of recombinant growth hormone (GH) replacement and psychomotor and cognitive stimulation in the neurodevelopment of GH-deficient (GHD) children with cerebral palsy: A pilot study","volume":"7","author":"Devesa","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ther. Clin. Risk Manag."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.5535\/arm.2012.36.4.447","article-title":"The effect of recombinant human growth hormone therapy in patients with completed stroke: A pilot trial","volume":"36","author":"Song","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann. Rehabil. Med."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"998","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2012.2705","article-title":"Growth hormone replacement therapy in patients with traumatic brain injury","volume":"30","author":"Moreau","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Neurotrauma"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1111\/aas.12309","article-title":"Recombinant human growth hormone improves cognitive capacity in a pain patient exposed to chronic opioids","volume":"58","author":"Rhodin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Anaesthesiol. Scand."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neures.2013.03.014","article-title":"Role of growth hormone (GH) in the treatment on neural diseases: From neuroprotection to neural repair","volume":"76","author":"Arce","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurosci. Res."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1322","DOI":"10.5966\/sctm.2013-0178","article-title":"Intra-arterial immunoselected CD34+ stem cells for acute ischemic stroke","volume":"3","author":"Banerjee","year":"2014","journal-title":"Stem Cells Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2013.3019","article-title":"Pharmacotherapy of traumatic brain injury: State of the science and the road forward: Report of the Department of Defense Neurotrauma Pharmacology Workgroup","volume":"31","author":"Kochanek","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Neurotrauma"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.4158\/EP14567.DSCR","article-title":"American association of clinical endocrinologists and American college of endocrinology disease state clinical review: A neuroendocrine approach to patients with traumatic brain injury","volume":"21","author":"Tritos","year":"2015","journal-title":"Endocr. Pract."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1480","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm4071480","article-title":"Hypopituitarism in traumatic brain injury-a critical note","volume":"4","author":"Klose","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clin. Med."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm4050847","article-title":"Neuroendocrine disturbances after brain damage; an important and often undiagnosed disorder","volume":"4","author":"Tanriverdi","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clin. Med."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2105","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2005-2476","article-title":"High risk of hypopituitarism after traumatic brain injury: A prospective investigation of anterior pituitary function in the acute phase and 12 months after trauma","volume":"91","author":"Tanriverdi","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2013.03.012","article-title":"Early growth hormone (GH) treatment promotes relevant motor functional improvement after severe frontal cortex lesion in adult rats","volume":"247","author":"Heredia","year":"2013","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, H., Han, M., Zhang, X., Sun, X., and Ling, F. (2014). The effect and mechanism of growth hormone replacement on cognitive function in rats with traumatic brain injury. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0108518"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-14-0654","article-title":"GH deficiency after traumatic brain injury: Improvement in quality of life with GH therapy: Analysis of the KIMS database","volume":"172","author":"Gardner","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2011.05.029","article-title":"Growth hormone and prolactin regulate human neural stem cell regenerative activity","volume":"190","author":"Pathipati","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2009.12.003","article-title":"Peripheral growth hormone induces cell proliferation in the intact adult rat brain","volume":"20","author":"Lind","year":"2010","journal-title":"Growth Horm. IGF Res."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2013.78","article-title":"Growth hormone and cognitive function","volume":"6","author":"Nyberg","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/16\/12\/26244\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T20:54:28Z","timestamp":1760216068000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/16\/12\/26244"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,21]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,12]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms161226244"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms161226244","relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.3410\/f.726061848.793517237","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,21]]}}}