{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T08:11:18Z","timestamp":1773303078313,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,22]],"date-time":"2015-12-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1450742400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Pfizer GmbH Germany"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Previous reports suggest that neuroendocrine disturbances in patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI) or aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) may still develop or resolve months or even years after the trauma. We investigated a cohort of n = 168 patients (81 patients after TBI and 87 patients after SAH) in whom hormone levels had been determined at various time points to assess the course and pattern of hormonal insufficiencies. Data were analyzed using three different criteria: (1) patients with lowered basal laboratory values; (2) patients with lowered basal laboratory values or the need for hormone replacement therapy; (3) diagnosis of the treating physician. The first hormonal assessment after a median time of three months after the injury showed lowered hormone laboratory test results in 35% of cases. Lowered testosterone (23.1% of male patients), lowered estradiol (14.3% of female patients) and lowered insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) values (12.1%) were most common. Using Criterion 2, a higher prevalence rate of 55.6% of cases was determined, which correlated well with the prevalence rate of 54% of cases using the physicians\u2019 diagnosis as the criterion. Intraindividual changes (new onset insufficiency or recovery) were predominantly observed for the somatotropic axis (12.5%), the gonadotropic axis in women (11.1%) and the corticotropic axis (10.6%). Patients after TBI showed more often lowered IGF-I values at first testing, but normal values at follow-up (p &lt; 0.0004). In general, most patients remained stable. Stable hormone results at follow-up were obtained in 78% (free thyroxine (fT4) values) to 94.6% (prolactin values).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms17010002","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,23]],"date-time":"2015-12-23T06:52:19Z","timestamp":1450853539000},"page":"2","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["The Development of Neuroendocrine Disturbances over Time: Longitudinal Findings in Patients after Traumatic Brain Injury and Subarachnoid Hemorrhage"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Anna","family":"Kopczak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Neuroendocrinology Group, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Kraepelinstra\u00dfe 2-10, Munich 80804, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carmen","family":"Krewer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sch\u00f6n Klinik Bad Aibling, Kolbermoorer Stra\u00dfe 72, Bad Aibling 83043, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Manfred","family":"Schneider","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sch\u00f6n Klinik Bad Aibling, Kolbermoorer Stra\u00dfe 72, Bad Aibling 83043, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ilonka","family":"Kreitschmann-Andermahr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstra\u00dfe 55, Essen 45147, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Harald","family":"Schneider","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Ziemssenstra\u00dfe 1, Munich 80336, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"G\u00fcnter","family":"Stalla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Neuroendocrinology Group, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Kraepelinstra\u00dfe 2-10, Munich 80804, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1429","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.298.12.1429","article-title":"Hypothalamopituitary dysfunction following traumatic brain injury and aneurysmal hemorrhage: A systematic review","volume":"298","author":"Schneider","year":"2007","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2014-1065","article-title":"Pituitary dysfunction after traumatic brain injury: A clinical and pathophysiological approach","volume":"36","author":"Tanriverdi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Endocr. 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