{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T08:41:37Z","timestamp":1778056897749,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":220,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,25]],"date-time":"2015-12-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1451001600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) are among the most feared of the disorders that afflict humankind for the lack of specific diagnostic tests and effective treatments. Understanding the molecular, cellular, biochemical changes of NDs may hold therapeutic promise against debilitating central nerve system (CNS) disorders. In the present review, we summarized the clinical presentations and biology backgrounds of NDs, including Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD), Huntington\u2019s disease (HD), and Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD) and explored the role of molecular mechanisms, including dys-regulation of epigenetic control mechanisms, Ataxia-telangiectasia-mutated protein kinase (ATM), and neuroinflammation in the pathogenesis of NDs. Targeting these mechanisms may hold therapeutic promise against these devastating diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms17010026","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,28]],"date-time":"2015-12-28T04:23:49Z","timestamp":1451276629000},"page":"26","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Targeting New Candidate Genes by Small Molecules Approaching Neurodegenerative Diseases"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3485-7558","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hueng-Chuen","family":"Fan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Tung\u2019s Taichung Metroharbor Hospital, Wuchi, Taichung 435, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Nursing, Jen-Teh Junior College of Medicine, Nursing and Management, Miaoli 356, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ching-Shiang","family":"Chi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Tung\u2019s Taichung Metroharbor Hospital, Wuchi, Taichung 435, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Nursing, Jen-Teh Junior College of Medicine, Nursing and Management, Miaoli 356, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shin-Nan","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Tung\u2019s Taichung Metroharbor Hospital, Wuchi, Taichung 435, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Nursing, Jen-Teh Junior College of Medicine, Nursing and Management, Miaoli 356, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hsiu-Fen","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung 407, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jeng-Dau","family":"Tsai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 402, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shinn-Zong","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Institute of Immunology, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan"},{"name":"Center for Neuropsychiatry, China Medical University and Hospital, Taichung 404, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, China Medical University Beigang Hospital, Yunlin 651, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Horng-Jyh","family":"Harn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, China Medical University and Hospital, Taichung 404, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fan, H.C., Hu, C.F., Juan, C.J., and Chen, S.J. (2011). Current proceedings of childhood stroke. Stroke Res. Treat.","DOI":"10.4061\/2011\/432839"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pedneo.2012.12.011","article-title":"Current approaches to the treatment of head injury in children","volume":"54","author":"Hu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pediatr. Neonatol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.3727\/096368912X655082","article-title":"Parkinson\u2019s disease: From genetics to treatments","volume":"22","author":"Fan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell Transplant."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.3727\/096368914X678454","article-title":"Polyglutamine (PolyQ) diseases: Genetics to treatments","volume":"23","author":"Fan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell Transplant."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1177\/1533317508327587","article-title":"Neural stem cells and Alzheimer\u2019s disease: Challenges and hope","volume":"24","author":"Zhongling","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Alzheimers Dis. Other Dement."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.57.3.418","article-title":"The global burden of disease study: Implications for neurology","volume":"57","author":"Menken","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arch. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-015-1462-8","article-title":"The unfolded protein response in neurodegenerative diseases: A neuropathological perspective","volume":"130","author":"Scheper","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1103","DOI":"10.1042\/BST20130134","article-title":"Regulation of autophagy by mTOR-dependent and mTOR-independent pathways: Autophagy dysfunction in neurodegenerative diseases and therapeutic application of autophagy enhancers","volume":"41","author":"Sarkar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biochem. Soc. Trans."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1534\/genetics.106.061580","article-title":"Ubiquitin-like protein 5 positively regulates chaperone gene expression in the mitochondrial unfolded protein response","volume":"174","author":"Benedetti","year":"2006","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1080\/01926230701320337","article-title":"Apoptosis: A review of programmed cell death","volume":"35","author":"Elmore","year":"2007","journal-title":"Toxicol. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"1023","article-title":"Review-Epigenetic therapy for cancer","volume":"28","author":"Saleem","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pak. J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1007\/s00412-009-0240-6","article-title":"Solving the Dnmt2 enigma","volume":"119","author":"Schaefer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Chromosoma"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1774","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddn067","article-title":"Monoallele deletion of CBP leads to pericentromeric heterochromatin condensation through ESET expression and histone H3 (K9) methylation","volume":"17","author":"Lee","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.4155\/fmc.12.3","article-title":"Targeted cancer therapy: Giving histone deacetylase inhibitors all they need to succeed","volume":"4","author":"Gryder","year":"2012","journal-title":"Future Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.2174\/1574892810666150317144511","article-title":"HDAC inhibitors as novel anti-cancer therapeutics","volume":"10","author":"Chatterji","year":"2015","journal-title":"Recent Pat. Anticancer Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc1779","article-title":"Histone deacetylase inhibitors and the promise of epigenetic (and more) treatments for cancer","volume":"6","author":"Minucci","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"854","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd2681","article-title":"Therapeutic application of histone deacetylase inhibitors for central nervous system disorders","volume":"7","author":"Kazantsev","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2012.112","article-title":"DNA methylation and its basic function","volume":"38","author":"Moore","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-8935-7-29","article-title":"A global assessment of cancer genomic alterations in epigenetic mechanisms","volume":"7","author":"Shah","year":"2014","journal-title":"Epigenet. Chromatin"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1224","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1153252","article-title":"MeCP2, a key contributor to neurological disease, activates and represses transcription","volume":"320","author":"Chahrour","year":"2008","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg2341","article-title":"DNA methylation landscapes: Provocative insights from epigenomics","volume":"9","author":"Suzuki","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Genet."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1076997","article-title":"Role of histone H3 lysine 27 methylation in Polycomb-group silencing","volume":"298","author":"Cao","year":"2002","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1574","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1100576","article-title":"Chromatin compaction by a polycomb group protein complex","volume":"306","author":"Francis","year":"2004","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1038\/nature04431","article-title":"The Polycomb group protein EZH2 directly controls DNA methylation","volume":"439","author":"Vire","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1038\/onc.2008.433","article-title":"Downregulation of EZH2 decreases growth of estrogen receptor-negative invasive breast carcinoma and requires BRCA1","volume":"28","author":"Gonzalez","year":"2009","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2733","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2009-03-213496","article-title":"Combined epigenetic therapy with the histone methyltransferase EZH2 inhibitor 3-deazaneplanocin A and the histone deacetylase inhibitor panobinostat against human AML cells","volume":"114","author":"Fiskus","year":"2009","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1093\/jb\/mvq044","article-title":"Regulatory mechanisms involved in the control of ubiquitin homeostasis","volume":"147","author":"Kimura","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2008.02.014","article-title":"Histone ubiquitination: Triggering gene activity","volume":"29","author":"Weake","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mol. Cell"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2008.09.016","article-title":"Histone H2A ubiquitination in transcriptional regulation and DNA damage repair","volume":"41","author":"Zhou","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3616","DOI":"10.1091\/mbc.e08-01-0050","article-title":"Polyubiquitylation of histone H2B","volume":"19","author":"Geng","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Cell"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"958","DOI":"10.1021\/bi00429a006","article-title":"Ubiquitinated histone H2B is preferentially located in transcriptionally active chromatin","volume":"28","author":"Nickel","year":"1989","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1093\/bfgp\/ell022","article-title":"Regulation of histone H2A and H2B ubiquitylation","volume":"5","author":"Osley","year":"2006","journal-title":"Brief. Funct. Genom. Proteom."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2005.11.007","article-title":"A genomic and functional inventory of deubiquitinating enzymes","volume":"123","author":"Nijman","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5255","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M204591200","article-title":"Enhancement of BRCA1 E3 ubiquitin ligase activity through direct interaction with the BARD1 protein","volume":"278","author":"Xia","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.4161\/epi.4.7.9807","article-title":"SUMO engages multiple corepressors to regulate chromatin structure and transcription","volume":"4","author":"Ouyang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Epigenetics"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2009.01.016","article-title":"Chromosome-wide Rad51 spreading and SUMO-H2A.Z-dependent chromosome fixation in response to a persistent DNA double-strand break","volume":"33","author":"Kalocsay","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mol. Cell"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13225","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1735528100","article-title":"Histone sumoylation is associated with transcriptional repression","volume":"100","author":"Shiio","year":"2003","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1016\/S1097-2765(00)80326-3","article-title":"Ulp1-SUMO crystal structure and genetic analysis reveal conserved interactions and a regulatory element essential for cell growth in yeast","volume":"5","author":"Mossessova","year":"2000","journal-title":"Mol. Cell"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm2293","article-title":"Concepts in sumoylation: A decade on","volume":"8","author":"Melchior","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1028","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dnarep.2008.03.006","article-title":"The neurological phenotype of Ataxia-telangiectasia: Solving a persistent puzzle","volume":"7","author":"Biton","year":"2008","journal-title":"DNA Repair"},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"255","article-title":"Ataxia-telangiectasia: Some historic, clinical and pathologic observations","volume":"11","author":"Boder","year":"1975","journal-title":"Birth Defects Orig. Artic. Ser."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1038\/362709a0","article-title":"Instability and decay of the primary structure of DNA","volume":"362","author":"Lindahl","year":"1993","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8241","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.131009198","article-title":"Single-strand interruptions in replicating chromosomes cause double-strand breaks","volume":"98","author":"Kuzminov","year":"2001","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7741","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.onc.1210872","article-title":"Activation and regulation of ATM kinase activity in response to DNA double-strand breaks","volume":"26","author":"Lee","year":"2007","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42462","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.C100466200","article-title":"ATM phosphorylates histone H2AX in response to DNA double-strand breaks","volume":"276","author":"Burma","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1912","DOI":"10.3390\/biom5031912","article-title":"Targeting the checkpoint to kill cancer cells","volume":"5","author":"Benada","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3737","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.25.9.3737-3751.2005","article-title":"Direct p53 transcriptional repression: In vivo analysis of CCAAT-containing G2\/M promoters","volume":"25","author":"Imbriano","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2601","DOI":"10.1038\/onc.2011.451","article-title":"Checkpoint control and cancer","volume":"31","author":"Medema","year":"2012","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1713","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1065521","article-title":"ATR and ATRIP: Partners in checkpoint signaling","volume":"294","author":"Cortez","year":"2001","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2005.05.029","article-title":"Cdk1-dependent regulation of the mitotic inhibitor Wee1","volume":"122","author":"Harvey","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.embor.7400210","article-title":"ATM and Ataxia telangiectasia","volume":"5","author":"McKinnon","year":"2004","journal-title":"EMBO Rep."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm3546","article-title":"The ATM protein kinase: Regulating the cellular response to genotoxic stress, and more","volume":"14","author":"Shiloh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.4161\/cc.6.8.4180","article-title":"ATM activation and DNA damage response","volume":"6","author":"Lavin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cell Cycle"},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"3299","article-title":"Role for ATM in DNA damage-induced phosphorylation of BRCA1","volume":"60","author":"Gatei","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2010.09.019","article-title":"The DNA damage response: Making it safe to play with knives","volume":"40","author":"Ciccia","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol. Cell"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"970","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2010.04.038","article-title":"ATM-dependent chromatin changes silence transcription in cis to DNA double-strand breaks","volume":"141","author":"Shanbhag","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1745","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3564","article-title":"EZH2-mediated H3K27 trimethylation mediates neurodegeneration in Ataxia-telangiectasia","volume":"16","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-2010-1414","article-title":"Neuroinflammation in Alzheimer\u2019s disease: Mechanisms, pathologic consequences, and potential for therapeutic manipulation","volume":"21","author":"Hensley","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1227901","article-title":"Microglia: Scapegoat, saboteur, or something else?","volume":"339","author":"Aguzzi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1080\/13550280290168631","article-title":"Neural immunity: Friend or foe?","volume":"8","author":"Gendelman","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Neurovirol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4037","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.6210-10.2011","article-title":"Brain infiltration of leukocytes contributes to the pathophysiology of temporal lobe epilepsy","volume":"31","author":"Zattoni","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.2174\/1389450043345308","article-title":"Cytokines in neuroinflammation and Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"5","author":"Cacquevel","year":"2004","journal-title":"Curr. Drug Targets"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2009.11.004","article-title":"Neuroinflammation in Parkinson\u2019s disease: Its role in neuronal death and implications for therapeutic intervention","volume":"37","author":"Tansey","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."},{"key":"ref_64","first-page":"388","article-title":"Characterisation of immune cell function in fragment and full-length Huntington\u2019s disease mouse models","volume":"73C","author":"Trager","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."},{"key":"ref_65","first-page":"59","article-title":"Inflammatory process in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"7","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front. Integr. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tips.2008.06.008","article-title":"5-Hydroxytryptamine and the gastrointestinal tract: Where next?","volume":"29","author":"Sanger","year":"2008","journal-title":"Trends Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.3109\/00207459208994781","article-title":"l-Tryptophan in neuropsychiatric disorders: A review","volume":"67","author":"Sandyk","year":"1992","journal-title":"Int. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2755","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2004-2062","article-title":"Blocking low-wavelength light prevents nocturnal melatonin suppression with no adverse effect on performance during simulated shift work","volume":"90","author":"Kayumov","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-008-1163-2","article-title":"Comparison of 50- and 100-g l-tryptophan depletion and loading formulations for altering 5-HT synthesis: Pharmacokinetics, side effects, and mood states","volume":"198","author":"Dougherty","year":"2008","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00806091","article-title":"l-Tryptophan: Biochemical, nutritional and pharmacological aspects","volume":"10","author":"Sainio","year":"1996","journal-title":"Amino Acids"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reyes, O.J., Lugo, H.R., Gonzalez-Esquivel, D., Ugalde-Muniz, P., Jimenez-Anguiano, A., Pineda, B., Pedraza-Chaverri, J., Rios, C., and Perez, C.V. (2014). Kynurenines with neuroactive and redox properties: Relevance to aging and brain diseases. Oxid. Med. Cell Longev., 646909.","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/646909"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2014.00012","article-title":"Kynurenines in CNS disease: Regulation by inflammatory cytokines","volume":"8","author":"Campbell","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-6997(25)00441-7","article-title":"Neuropharmacology of quinolinic and kynurenic acids","volume":"45","author":"Stone","year":"1993","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7463","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.21-19-07463.2001","article-title":"The brain metabolite kynurenic acid inhibits \u03b17 nicotinic receptor activity and increases non-\u03b17 nicotinic receptor expression: Physiopathological implications","volume":"21","author":"Hilmas","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"852","DOI":"10.1515\/CCLM.2003.129","article-title":"Tryptophan metabolites and brain disorders","volume":"41","author":"Stone","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin. Chem. Lab. Med."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(06)70471-9","article-title":"Epidemiology of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"5","author":"Breteler","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R183","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddm159","article-title":"Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"16","author":"Thomas","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-510X(73)90175-5","article-title":"Brain dopamine and the syndromes of Parkinson and Huntington. Clinical, morphological and neurochemical correlations","volume":"20","author":"Bernheimer","year":"1973","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1038\/42166","article-title":"A-synuclein in Lewy bodies","volume":"388","author":"Spillantini","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc3150","article-title":"Parkinson\u2019s disease and cancer: Two wars, one front","volume":"11","author":"Devine","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Matsumoto, L., Takuma, H., Tamaoka, A., Kurisaki, H., Date, H., Tsuji, S., and Iwata, A. (2010). CpG demethylation enhances \u03b1-synuclein expression and affects the pathogenesis of Parkinson\u2019s disease. PLoS ONE, 5.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0015522"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3012","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddl243","article-title":"A-synuclein acts in the nucleus to inhibit histone acetylation and promote neurotoxicity","volume":"15","author":"Kontopoulos","year":"2006","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2007.06.053","article-title":"Valproic acid and other histone deacetylase inhibitors induce microglial apoptosis and attenuate lipopolysaccharide-induced dopaminergic neurotoxicity","volume":"149","author":"Chen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"976","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2009.06385.x","article-title":"Valproic acid induces functional heat-shock protein 70 via Class I histone deacetylase inhibition in cortical neurons: A potential role of Sp1 acetylation","volume":"111","author":"Marinova","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14941","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M110.211029","article-title":"Phenylbutyrate up-regulates the DJ-1 protein and protects neurons in cell culture and in animal models of Parkinson disease","volume":"286","author":"Zhou","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2009.03.002","article-title":"A chemical chaperone, sodium 4-phenylbutyric acid, attenuates the pathogenic potency in human \u03b1-synuclein A30P + A53T transgenic mice","volume":"15","author":"Ono","year":"2009","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.41.8.702","article-title":"Sodium valproate in the treatment of levodopa-induced dyskinesia","volume":"41","author":"Price","year":"1978","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1017\/S0317167100023970","article-title":"Treatment of Parkinson\u2019s disease with sodium valproate: Clinical, pharmacological, and biochemical observations","volume":"6","author":"Nutt","year":"1979","journal-title":"Can. J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/S1071-9091(03)00026-3","article-title":"Ataxia-telangiectasia: Diagnosis and treatment","volume":"10","author":"Perlman","year":"2003","journal-title":"Semin. Pediatr. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dnarep.2004.04.010","article-title":"Ataxia-telangiectasia, an evolving phenotype","volume":"3","author":"Chun","year":"2004","journal-title":"DNA Repair"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/S1071-9091(98)80007-7","article-title":"Ataxia telangiectasia","volume":"5","author":"Crawford","year":"1998","journal-title":"Semin. Pediatr. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_92","first-page":"169","article-title":"Ataxia telangiectasia in the British Isles: The clinical and laboratory features of 70 affected individuals","volume":"82","author":"Woods","year":"1992","journal-title":"Q. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4522(03)00322-1","article-title":"Late degeneration of nigro-striatal neurons in ATM\u2212\/\u2212 mice","volume":"121","author":"Eilam","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_94","first-page":"401","article-title":"The ATM gene and Ataxia telangiectasia","volume":"28","author":"Mavrou","year":"2008","journal-title":"Anticancer Res."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.491","article-title":"Somatic mutations of the Parkinson\u2019s disease-associated gene PARK2 in glioblastoma and other human malignancies","volume":"42","author":"Veeriah","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1451","DOI":"10.4161\/cc.9.8.11583","article-title":"The familial Parkinson disease gene PARK2 is a multisite tumor suppressor on chromosome 6q25.2\u201327 that regulates cyclin E","volume":"9","author":"Veeriah","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cell Cycle"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1285","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.38.8.1285","article-title":"Reactive microglia are positive for HLA-DR in the substantia nigra of Parkinson\u2019s and Alzheimer\u2019s disease brains","volume":"38","author":"McGeer","year":"1988","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-003-0766-2","article-title":"Distribution of major histocompatibility complex class II-positive microglia and cytokine profile of Parkinson\u2019s disease brains","volume":"106","author":"Imamura","year":"2003","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"ref_99","first-page":"277","article-title":"Changes in cytokines and neurotrophins in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"60","author":"Nagatsu","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Neural Transm. Suppl."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3940(99)00388-2","article-title":"Increase in level of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-\u03b1 in 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned striatum in rats without influence of systemic l-DOPA on the TNF-\u03b1 induction","volume":"268","author":"Mogi","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-006-0086-4","article-title":"Effect of 6-hydroxydopamine treatment on kynurenine aminotransferase-I (KAT-I) immunoreactivity of neurons and glial cells in the rat substantia nigra","volume":"112","author":"Chadaide","year":"2006","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2004.04.043","article-title":"Decreased expression of kynurenine aminotransferase-I (KAT-I) in the substantia nigra of mice after 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) treatment","volume":"126","author":"Csillik","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3940(02)00735-8","article-title":"1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium and 3-nitropropionic acid diminish cortical synthesis of kynurenic acid via interference with kynurenine aminotransferases in rats","volume":"330","author":"Luchowski","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1702","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.42.9.1702","article-title":"Kynurenine pathway abnormalities in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"42","author":"Ogawa","year":"1992","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1007\/s007020200014","article-title":"Increased neopterin production and tryptophan degradation in advanced Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"109","author":"Widner","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Neural Transm."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejcb.2008.03.003","article-title":"Kynurenic acid attenuates MPP+-induced dopaminergic neuronal cell death via a Bax-mediated mitochondrial pathway","volume":"87","author":"Lee","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ntt.2010.10.002","article-title":"Protective effect of l-kynurenine and probenecid on 6-hydroxydopamine-induced striatal toxicity in rats: Implications of modulating kynurenate as a protective strategy","volume":"33","author":"Garcia","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurotoxicol. Teratol."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(95)00103-W","article-title":"Excitotoxic action of NMDA agonists on nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons: Modulation by inhibition of nitric oxide synthesis","volume":"676","author":"Connop","year":"1995","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4522(96)00655-0","article-title":"Protection against quinolinic acid-mediated excitotoxicity in nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons by endogenous kynurenic acid","volume":"78","author":"Miranda","year":"1997","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2011.03.008","article-title":"Protective effects of synthetic kynurenines on 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-induced parkinsonism in mice","volume":"85","author":"Tapias","year":"2011","journal-title":"Brain Res. Bull."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2008.02.052","article-title":"Effects of the kynurenine 3-hydroxylase inhibitor Ro 61\u20138048 after intrastriatal injections on the severity of dystonia in the dtsz mutant","volume":"586","author":"Hamann","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2003.08.038","article-title":"The kynurenine 3-hydroxylase inhibitor Ro 61-8048 improves dystonia in a genetic model of paroxysmal dyskinesia","volume":"478","author":"Richter","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1007\/s12031-008-9137-8","article-title":"Implication of NMDA receptors in the antidyskinetic activity of cabergoline, CI-1041, and Ro 61\u20138048 in MPTP monkeys with levodopa-induced dyskinesias","volume":"38","author":"Ouattara","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Mol. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2009.06.030","article-title":"Effect of non-dopaminergic drug treatment on Levodopa induced dyskinesias in MPTP monkeys: Common implication of striatal neuropeptides","volume":"58","author":"Tamim","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1038\/ng1093-168","article-title":"De novo expansion of a (CAG)n repeat in sporadic Huntington\u2019s disease","volume":"5","author":"Myers","year":"1993","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)60111-1","article-title":"Huntington\u2019s disease","volume":"369","author":"Walker","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(03)00569-5","article-title":"Neuropathogenic forms of huntingtin and androgen receptor inhibit fast axonal transport","volume":"40","author":"Szebenyi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06022","article-title":"Global changes to the ubiquitin system in Huntington\u2019s disease","volume":"448","author":"Bennett","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chafekar, S.M., and Duennwald, M.L. (2012). Impaired heat shock response in cells expressing full-length polyglutamine-expanded huntingtin. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0037929"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3063","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddl248","article-title":"Cytotoxicity of a mutant huntingtin fragment in yeast involves early alterations in mitochondrial OXPHOS complexes II and III","volume":"15","author":"Solans","year":"2006","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1074","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1063127","article-title":"Translating the histone code","volume":"293","author":"Jenuwein","year":"2001","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10335","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2599-04.2004","article-title":"Chemotherapy for the brain: The antitumor antibiotic mithramycin prolongs survival in a mouse model of Huntington\u2019s disease","volume":"24","author":"Ferrante","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2354","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1221292110","article-title":"Extensive changes in DNA methylation are associated with expression of mutant huntingtin","volume":"110","author":"Ng","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1038\/35099568","article-title":"Histone deacetylase inhibitors arrest polyglutamine-dependent neurodegeneration in Drosophila","volume":"413","author":"Steffan","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3767","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddn273","article-title":"Inhibition of specific HDACs and sirtuins suppresses pathogenesis in a Drosophila model of Huntington\u2019s disease","volume":"17","author":"Pallos","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1293","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddm078","article-title":"Histones associated with downregulated genes are hypo-acetylated in Huntington\u2019s disease models","volume":"16","author":"Bouzou","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15564","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0804249105","article-title":"The HDAC inhibitor 4b ameliorates the disease phenotype and transcriptional abnormalities in Huntington\u2019s disease transgenic mice","volume":"105","author":"Thomas","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19176","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0606373103","article-title":"ESET\/SETDB1 gene expression and histone H3 (K9) trimethylation in Huntington\u2019s disease","volume":"103","author":"Ryu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02736773","article-title":"Hypomethylation of the amyloid precursor protein gene in the brain of an Alzheimer\u2019s disease patient","volume":"6","author":"West","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Mol. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2010.01.002","article-title":"Epigenetic regulation in the pathophysiology of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"90","author":"Chouliaras","year":"2010","journal-title":"Prog. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9418","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.23-28-09418.2003","article-title":"Histone deacetylase inhibition by sodium butyrate chemotherapy ameliorates the neurodegenerative phenotype in Huntington\u2019s disease mice","volume":"23","author":"Ferrante","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mielcarek, M., Benn, C.L., Franklin, S.A., Smith, D.L., Woodman, B., Marks, P.A., and Bates, G.P. (2011). SAHA decreases HDAC 2 and 4 levels in vivo and improves molecular phenotypes in the R6\/2 mouse model of Huntington\u2019s disease. PLoS ONE, 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0027746"},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15179","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.261400698","article-title":"Histone deacetylase inhibitors reduce polyglutamine toxicity","volume":"98","author":"McCampbell","year":"2001","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M410210200","article-title":"Neuroprotective effects of phenylbutyrate in the N171-82Q transgenic mouse model of Huntington\u2019s disease","volume":"280","author":"Gardian","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ab.2010.01.010","article-title":"Identification of phenylbutyrate-generated metabolites in Huntington disease patients using parallel liquid chromatography\/electrochemical array\/mass spectrometry and off-line tandem mass spectrometry","volume":"399","author":"Ebbel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1962","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.21632","article-title":"Sodium phenylbutyrate in Huntington\u2019s disease: A dose-finding study","volume":"22","author":"Hogarth","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mov Disord."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2406","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2011.128","article-title":"Combined treatment with the mood stabilizers lithium and valproate produces multiple beneficial effects in transgenic mouse models of Huntington\u2019s disease","volume":"36","author":"Chiu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2830","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3344-05.2006","article-title":"Differential contributions of Caenorhabditis elegans histone deacetylases to huntingtin polyglutamine toxicity","volume":"26","author":"Bates","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2041","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0437870100","article-title":"Suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid, a histone deacetylase inhibitor, ameliorates motor deficits in a mouse model of Huntington\u2019s disease","volume":"100","author":"Hockly","year":"2003","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7927","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1002924107","article-title":"SIRT2 inhibition achieves neuroprotection by decreasing sterol biosynthesis","volume":"107","author":"Taylor","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.71","article-title":"Sequence-selective DNA binding drugs mithramycin A and chromomycin A3 are potent inhibitors of neuronal apoptosis induced by oxidative stress and DNA damage in cortical neurons","volume":"49","author":"Chatterjee","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1164","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddm064","article-title":"Modulation of nucleosome dynamics in Huntington\u2019s disease","volume":"16","author":"Stack","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268ra178","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3010523","article-title":"Targeting ATM ameliorates mutant Huntingtin toxicity in cell and animal models of Huntington\u2019s disease","volume":"6","author":"Lu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.21881","article-title":"DNA breakage and induction of DNA damage response proteins precede the appearance of visible mutant huntingtin aggregates","volume":"87","author":"Illuzzi","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Res."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2301","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddg242","article-title":"DNA damage induced by polyglutamine-expanded proteins","volume":"12","author":"Giuliano","year":"2003","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2009.06442.x","article-title":"Blood levels of kynurenines, interleukin-23 and soluble human leucocyte antigen-G at different stages of Huntington\u2019s disease","volume":"112","author":"Forrest","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410240417","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid levels of quinolinic acid in Huntington\u2019s disease and schizophrenia","volume":"24","author":"Schwarcz","year":"1988","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2004.07.006","article-title":"Neostriatal and cortical quinolinate levels are increased in early grade Huntington\u2019s disease","volume":"17","author":"Guidetti","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-0135-0_16","article-title":"3-Hydroxykynurenine and quinolinate: Pathogenic synergism in early grade Huntington\u2019s disease?","volume":"527","author":"Guidetti","year":"2003","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_150","unstructured":"Lodge, D., and Danysz, C.G. (2002). Ionotropic Glutamate Receptors as Therapeutic Targets, FP Graham Publishing Co."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1416","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2010.06675.x","article-title":"Dysfunctional kynurenine pathway metabolism in the R6\/2 mouse model of Huntington\u2019s disease","volume":"113","author":"Sathyasaikumar","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2005.07.004","article-title":"Endogenous kynurenate controls the vulnerability of striatal neurons to quinolinate: Implications for Huntington\u2019s disease","volume":"197","author":"Sapko","year":"2006","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(94)00494-P","article-title":"Quinolinic acid-induced increases in calbindin D28k immunoreactivity in rat striatal neurons in vivo and in vitro mimic the pattern seen in Huntington\u2019s disease","volume":"65","author":"Huang","year":"1995","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1038\/ng1542","article-title":"A genomic screen in yeast implicates kynurenine 3-monooxygenase as a therapeutic target for Huntington disease","volume":"37","author":"Giorgini","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2011.04.028","article-title":"The kynurenine pathway modulates neurodegeneration in a Drosophila model of Huntington\u2019s disease","volume":"21","author":"Campesan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2011.05.020","article-title":"Kynurenine 3-monooxygenase inhibition in blood ameliorates neurodegeneration","volume":"145","author":"Zwilling","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-010-0573-6","article-title":"Neuroprotective effects of a novel kynurenic acid analogue in a transgenic mouse model of Huntington\u2019s disease","volume":"118","author":"Zadori","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Neural Transm."},{"key":"ref_158","unstructured":"Alzheimer\u2019s Disease International World Alzheimer Report 2009. Available online: https:\/\/www.alz.co.uk\/research\/files\/WorldAlzheimerReport.pdf."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000204189.18698.c7","article-title":"Clinical features associated with costs in early AD: Baseline data from the Predictors Study","volume":"66","author":"Zhu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imlet.2013.12.017","article-title":"Korean red ginseng extracts inhibit NLRP3 and AIM2 inflammasome activation","volume":"158","author":"Kim","year":"2014","journal-title":"Immunol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S5","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-2012-129044","article-title":"A brief history of Alzheimer\u2019s disease gene discovery","volume":"33","author":"Tanzi","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"ref_162","first-page":"30023","article-title":"Controversies looming over Alzheimer\u2019s research: Do we have consensus over the path to follow?","volume":"S1568\u2013S1637","author":"Amtul","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ageing Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Katsel, P., Tan, W., Fam, P., Purohit, D.P., and Haroutunian, V. (2013). Cell cycle checkpoint abnormalities during dementia: A plausible association with the loss of protection against oxidative stress in Alzheimer\u2019s disease [corrected]. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/annotation\/59ecb64c-1f53-4d8a-903c-2f835e78bd13"},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1097\/NEN.0b013e31825018f7","article-title":"Correlation of Alzheimer disease neuropathologic changes with cognitive status: A review of the literature","volume":"71","author":"Nelson","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1509","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.65.11.1509","article-title":"Frequent amyloid deposition without significant cognitive impairment among the elderly","volume":"65","author":"Aizenstein","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1177\/1533317508325093","article-title":"Efficacy of a vitamin\/nutriceutical formulation for early-stage Alzheimer\u2019s disease: A 1-year, open-label pilot study with an 16-month caregiver extension","volume":"23","author":"Chan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Alzheimers Dis. Other Dement."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2025","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2008.12.005","article-title":"Epigenetic changes in Alzheimer\u2019s disease: Decrements in DNA methylation","volume":"31","author":"Mastroeni","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2010.08.017","article-title":"Epigenetic mechanisms in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"32","author":"Mastroeni","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2009.02.013","article-title":"Changes in Presenilin 1 gene methylation pattern in diet-induced B vitamin deficiency","volume":"32","author":"Fuso","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcn.2004.09.007","article-title":"S-adenosylmethionine\/homocysteine cycle alterations modify DNA methylation status with consequent deregulation of PS1 and BACE and \u03b2-amyloid production","volume":"28","author":"Fuso","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fuso, A., Nicolia, V., Ricceri, L., Cavallaro, R.A., Isopi, E., Mangia, F., Fiorenza, M.T., and Scarpa, S. (2012). S-adenosylmethionine reduces the progress of the Alzheimer-like features induced by B-vitamin deficiency in mice. Neurobiol. Aging, 33.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2011.12.013"},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1007\/s007020170100","article-title":"CSF-folate levels are decreased in late-onset AD patients","volume":"108","author":"Serot","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Neural Transm."},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-003-0096-5","article-title":"Elevated S-adenosylhomocysteine in Alzheimer brain: Influence on methyltransferases and cognitive function","volume":"111","author":"Kennedy","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Neural Transm."},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcn.2007.12.018","article-title":"B-vitamin deprivation induces hyperhomocysteinemia and brain S-adenosylhomocysteine, depletes brain S-adenosylmethionine, and enhances PS1 and BACE expression and amyloid-\u03b2 deposition in mice","volume":"37","author":"Fuso","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3940(99)00731-4","article-title":"The methylation status of cytosines in a tau gene promoter region alters with age to downregulate transcriptional activity in human cerebral cortex","volume":"275","author":"Tohgi","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, S.C., Oelze, B., and Schumacher, A. (2008). Age-specific epigenetic drift in late-onset Alzheimer\u2019s disease. PLoS ONE, 3.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0002698"},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0714.2008.00718.x","article-title":"Methylation of P16, P21, P27, RB1 and P53 genes in odontogenic keratocysts","volume":"38","author":"Moreira","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Oral Pathol. Med."},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1751","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.23703","article-title":"Role of myofibroblasts in innate chemoresistance of pancreatic carcinoma-epigenetic downregulation of caspases","volume":"123","author":"Muerkoster","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5235","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-4658.2007.06045.x","article-title":"Cell cycle-dependent transcription of cyclin B2 is influenced by DNA methylation but is independent of methylation in the CDE and CHR elements","volume":"274","author":"Tschop","year":"2007","journal-title":"FEBS J."},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1097\/NEN.0b013e318283114a","article-title":"Oral administration of histone deacetylase inhibitor MS-275 ameliorates neuroinflammation and cerebral amyloidosis and improves behavior in a mouse model","volume":"72","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00012.2010","article-title":"Epigenetic regulation of gene expression in physiological and pathological brain processes","volume":"91","author":"Graff","year":"2011","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e132","DOI":"10.1038\/tp.2012.55","article-title":"Epigenetic modifications in frontal cortex from Alzheimer\u2019s disease and bipolar disorder patients","volume":"2","author":"Rao","year":"2012","journal-title":"Transl. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2081","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2012.12.028","article-title":"Disruption of neocortical histone H3 homeostasis by soluble A\u03b2: Implications for Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"34","author":"Lithner","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2119","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2008.05564.x","article-title":"Histone deacetylase 6 interacts with the microtubule-associated protein tau","volume":"106","author":"Ding","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/1750-1326-8-7","article-title":"HDAC6 as a target for neurodegenerative diseases: What makes it different from the other HDACs?","volume":"8","author":"Zwick","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol. Neurodegener."},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddt402","article-title":"Acetylation of the KXGS motifs in tau is a critical determinant in modulation of tau aggregation and clearance","volume":"23","author":"Cook","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1002\/emmm.201201923","article-title":"Reducing HDAC6 ameliorates cognitive deficits in a mouse model for Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"5","author":"Govindarajan","year":"2013","journal-title":"EMBO Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2012.10.525","article-title":"Seven sirtuins for seven deadly diseases of aging","volume":"56","author":"Morris","year":"2013","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1097\/NEN.0b013e3181922348","article-title":"Sirtuin 1 reduction parallels the accumulation of tau in Alzheimer disease","volume":"68","author":"Julien","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-2009-1134","article-title":"Dysregulation of histone acetylation in the APP\/PS1 mouse model of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"18","author":"Francis","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1111\/cns.12445","article-title":"Valproic acid modifies synaptic structure and accelerates neurite outgrowth via the glycogen synthase kinase-3\u03b2 signaling pathway in an Alzheimer\u2019s disease model","volume":"21","author":"Long","year":"2015","journal-title":"CNS Neurosci. Ther."},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1156","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3786","article-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s disease: Early alterations in brain DNA methylation at ANK1, BIN1, RHBDF2 and other loci","volume":"17","author":"Srivastava","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1186\/1750-1326-5-60","article-title":"DNA damage and cell cycle events implicate cerebellar dentate nucleus neurons as targets of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"5","author":"Chen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol. Neurodegener."},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3356","article-title":"Physiologic brain activity causes DNA double-strand breaks in neurons, with exacerbation by amyloid-\u03b2","volume":"16","author":"Suberbielle","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1205","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.1639608","article-title":"Mutations in String\/CDC25 inhibit cell cycle re-entry and neurodegeneration in a Drosophila model of Ataxia telangiectasia","volume":"22","author":"Rimkus","year":"2008","journal-title":"Genes Dev."},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2522","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4946-04.2005","article-title":"Loss of neuronal cell cycle control in Ataxia-telangiectasia: A unified disease mechanism","volume":"25","author":"Yang","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2879","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms16022879","article-title":"BRCA1 and p53 tumor suppressor molecules in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"16","author":"Nakanishi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pavard, S., and Metcalf, C.J. (2007). Negative selection on BRCA1 susceptibility alleles sheds light on the population genetics of late-onset diseases and aging theory. PLoS ONE, 2.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0001206"},{"key":"ref_199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E656","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1110470109","article-title":"ATM kinase inhibition in glial cells activates the innate immune response and causes neurodegeneration in Drosophila","volume":"109","author":"Petersen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12688","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.94.23.12688","article-title":"Degeneration of neurons, synapses, and neuropil and glial activation in a murine ATM knockout model of Ataxia-telangiectasia","volume":"94","author":"Kuljis","year":"1997","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1471","DOI":"10.1038\/labinvest.3700354","article-title":"ATM deficiency induces oxidative stress and endoplasmic reticulum stress in astrocytes","volume":"85","author":"Liu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lab. Investig."},{"key":"ref_202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10016","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.89.21.10016","article-title":"Complement activation by \u03b2-amyloid in Alzheimer disease","volume":"89","author":"Rogers","year":"1992","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7611","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.86.19.7611","article-title":"Brain interleukin 1 and S-100 immunoreactivity are elevated in Down syndrome and Alzheimer disease","volume":"86","author":"Griffin","year":"1989","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-013-8428-4","article-title":"Molecular basis of etiological implications in Alzheimer\u2019s disease: Focus on neuroinflammation","volume":"48","author":"Niranjan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1177\/1533317512467680","article-title":"Histone deacetylases enzyme, copper, and IL-8 levels in patients with Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"28","author":"Alsadany","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Alzheimers Dis. Other Dement."},{"key":"ref_206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1007\/s007020050029","article-title":"Tryptophan degradation and immune activation in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"107","author":"Widner","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Neural Transm."},{"key":"ref_207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-2094-2-9","article-title":"Inflammatory cytokine levels correlate with amyloid load in transgenic mouse models of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"2","author":"Patel","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"ref_208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1016\/S0197-4580(01)00311-6","article-title":"Modeling microglial activation in Alzheimer\u2019s disease with human postmortem microglial cultures","volume":"22","author":"Lue","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"ref_209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-014-8657-1","article-title":"Body fluid cytokine levels in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer\u2019s disease: A comparative overview","volume":"50","author":"Brosseron","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2311","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-200312190-00005","article-title":"A \u03b2 1-42 induces production of quinolinic acid by human macrophages and microglia","volume":"14","author":"Guillemin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neuroreport"},{"key":"ref_211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-140414","article-title":"The IDO inhibitor coptisine ameliorates cognitive impairment in a mouse model of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"43","author":"Yu","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"ref_212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-013-1177-7","article-title":"The amyloid cascade-inflammatory hypothesis of Alzheimer disease: Implications for therapy","volume":"126","author":"McGeer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"ref_213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4752","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-13-3531","article-title":"Antitumor effects in hepatocarcinoma of isoform-selective inhibition of HDAC2","volume":"74","author":"Lee","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_214","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1007\/s10637-015-0206-x","article-title":"Phase 1 study of the oral histone deacetylase inhibitor abexinostat in patients with Hodgkin lymphoma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, or chronic lymphocytic leukaemia","volume":"33","author":"Morschhauser","year":"2015","journal-title":"Invest. New Drugs"},{"key":"ref_215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2014.01.002","article-title":"Class I and II histone deacetylase inhibition by ITF2357 reduces SLE pathogenesis in vivo","volume":"151","author":"Regna","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_216","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1124\/mol.109.061333","article-title":"Is there a future for histone deacetylase inhibitors in the pharmacotherapy of psychiatric disorders?","volume":"77","author":"Grayson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_217","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1636","DOI":"10.1038\/leu.2014.19","article-title":"Disruption of autophagy by the histone deacetylase inhibitor MGCD0103 and its therapeutic implication in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia","volume":"28","author":"Pierson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"ref_218","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.2174\/1568026615666150813145800","article-title":"Panobinostat: The small molecule metalloenzyme inhibitor with marvelous anticancer activity","volume":"16","author":"Ganai","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Top. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_219","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2141.2009.07954.x","article-title":"Laboratory correlates for a phase II trial of romidepsin in cutaneous and peripheral T-cell lymphoma","volume":"148","author":"Bates","year":"2010","journal-title":"Br. J. Haematol."},{"key":"ref_220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1143780","article-title":"Sirtuin 2 inhibitors rescue \u03b1-synuclein-mediated toxicity in models of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"317","author":"Outeiro","year":"2007","journal-title":"Science"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/17\/1\/26\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T20:54:48Z","timestamp":1760216088000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/17\/1\/26"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,25]]},"references-count":220,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,1]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms17010026"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms17010026","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,25]]}}}