{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T12:59:50Z","timestamp":1791291590902,"version":"4.3.0"},"reference-count":133,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,5]],"date-time":"2016-01-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1451952000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Russian Scientific Foundation","award":["14-15-00112"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["14-15-00112"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Heart is a complex assembly of many cell types constituting myocardium, endocardium and epicardium that intensively communicate to each other in order to maintain the proper cardiac function. There are many types of intercellular intracardiac signals, with a prominent role of extracellular vesicles (EVs), such as exosomes and microvesicles, for long-distant delivering of complex messages. Cardiomyocytes release EVs, whose content could significantly vary depending on the stimulus. In stress, such as hypoxia, inflammation or injury, cardiomyocytes increase secretion of EVs. In hypoxic conditions, cardiac EVs are enriched with angiogenic and prosurvival factors. In acute myocardial infarction (AMI), damaged cardiac muscle cells produce EVs with increased content of angiogenic, anti-apoptotic, mitogenic and growth factors in order to induce repair and healing of the infarcted myocardium. Exosomal microRNAs play a central role in cardiac regeneration. In AMI, circulating cardiac EVs abundantly contain cardiac-specific miRNAs that serve as indicators of cardiac damage and have a big diagnostic potential as AMI biomarkers. Cardioprotective and regenerative properties of exosomes derived from cardiac and non-cardiac stem\/progenitor cells are very helpful to be used in cell-free cardiotherapy and regeneration of post-infarct myocardium.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms17010063","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,6]],"date-time":"2016-01-06T02:18:12Z","timestamp":1452046692000},"page":"63","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":155,"title":["Cardiac Extracellular Vesicles in Normal and Infarcted Heart"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9869-3607","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dimitry","family":"Chistiakov","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Genetic Diagnostics and Cell Biology, Division of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Pediatrics, Research Center for Children\u2019s Health, 119991 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6495-1628","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander","family":"Orekhov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, 125315 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"Institute for Atherosclerosis Research, Skolkovo Innovative Center, 143025 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"Department of Biophysics, Biological Faculty, Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuri","family":"Bobryshev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, 125315 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia"},{"name":"School of Medicine, University of Western Sydney, Campbelltown, NSW 2560, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1038\/ncb1596","article-title":"Exosome-mediated transfer of mRNAs and microRNAs is a novel mechanism of genetic exchange between cells","volume":"9","author":"Valadi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Crescitelli, R., L\u00e4sser, C., Szab\u00f3, T.G., Kittel, A., Eldh, M., Dianzani, I., Buz\u00e1s, E.I., and L\u00f6tvall, J. (2013). Distinct RNA profiles in subpopulations of extracellular vesicles: Apoptotic bodies, microvesicles and exosomes. J. Extracell. Vesicles, 2.","DOI":"10.3402\/jev.v2i0.20677"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceb.2004.06.003","article-title":"Exosomes: Endosomal-derived vesicles shipping extracellular messages","volume":"16","author":"Raposo","year":"2004","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Andreu, Z., and Y\u00e1\u00f1ez-M\u00f3, M. (2014). Tetraspanins in extracellular vesicle formation and function. Front. Immunol., 5.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2014.00442"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-004-4464-6","article-title":"Hsp70 chaperones: Cellular functions and molecular mechanism","volume":"62","author":"Mayer","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.devcel.2011.05.015","article-title":"The ESCRT pathway","volume":"21","author":"Henne","year":"2011","journal-title":"Dev. Cell"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceb.2011.03.013","article-title":"Exit from the trans-Golgi network: From molecules to mechanisms","volume":"23","author":"Anitei","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1143","DOI":"10.1038\/ncb1929","article-title":"Multivesicular bodies associate with components of miRNA effector complexes and modulate miRNA activity","volume":"11","author":"Gibbings","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbagrm.2011.08.002","article-title":"Viral miRNAs exploiting the endosomal-exosomal pathway for intercellular cross-talk and immune evasion","volume":"1809","author":"Pegtel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1038\/ncb0110-3","article-title":"Two Rabs for exosome release","volume":"12","author":"Pfeffer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1038\/ncb2000","article-title":"Rab27a and Rab27b control different steps of the exosome secretion pathway","volume":"12","author":"Ostrowski","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mazzeo, C., Calvo, V., Alonso, R., M\u00e9rida, I., and Izquierdo, M. (2015). Protein kinase D1\/2 is involved in the maturation of multivesicular bodies and secretion of exosomes in T and B lymphocytes. Cell Death Differ.","DOI":"10.1038\/cdd.2015.72"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1603","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.064386","article-title":"Microvesicles: Mediators of extracellular communication during cancer progression","volume":"123","author":"Clancy","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Cell Sci."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yexcr.2003.12.023","article-title":"Finishing the job: Cytoskeletal and membrane events bring cytokinesis to an end","volume":"295","author":"Schweitzer","year":"2004","journal-title":"Exp. Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.cellbio.20.010403.102350","article-title":"Retrovirus budding","volume":"20","author":"Morita","year":"2004","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Cell. Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcb.2008.11.003","article-title":"Shedding microvesicles: Artefacts no more","volume":"19","author":"Cocucci","year":"2009","journal-title":"Trends Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1044","DOI":"10.1160\/TH09-09-0644","article-title":"The majority of circulating platelet-derived microparticles fail to bind annexin V, lack phospholipid-dependent procoagulant activity and demonstrate greater expression of glycoprotein Ib","volume":"103","author":"Connor","year":"2010","journal-title":"Thromb. Haemost."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1501","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbalip.2012.08.017","article-title":"Phosphatidylethanolamine is externalized at the surface of microparticles","volume":"1821","author":"Larson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1160\/TH09-04-243","article-title":"Proteomic and functional characterisation of platelet microparticle size classes","volume":"102","author":"Dean","year":"2009","journal-title":"Thromb. Haemost."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1038\/35070009","article-title":"Membrane blebbing during apoptosis results from caspase-mediated activation of ROCK I","volume":"3","author":"Coleman","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nat. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1038\/35070019","article-title":"Caspase-3-mediated cleavage of ROCK I induces MLC phosphorylation and apoptotic membrane blebbing","volume":"3","author":"Sebbagh","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nat. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-013-1084-8","article-title":"Biogenesis of extracellular vesicles (EV): Exosomes, microvesicles, retrovirus-like vesicles, and apoptotic bodies","volume":"113","author":"Akers","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Neurooncol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.200409049","article-title":"Actin-myosin-based contraction is responsible for apoptotic nuclear disintegration","volume":"168","author":"Croft","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1293","DOI":"10.1038\/cdd.2013.69","article-title":"Blebs produced by actin-myosin contraction during apoptosis release damage-associated molecular pattern proteins before secondary necrosis occurs","volume":"20","author":"Wickman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1038\/cdd.2012.25","article-title":"How apoptotic cells aid in the removal of their own cold dead bodies","volume":"19","author":"Wickman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00017.2002","article-title":"Cardiac endothelial-myocardial signaling","volume":"83","author":"Brutsaert","year":"2003","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvu022","article-title":"Microvesicles and exosomes for intracardiac communication","volume":"102","author":"Sluijter","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"H1317","article-title":"Hemodynamic effects of intracoronary VEGF delivery: Evidence of tachyphylaxis and NO dependence of response","volume":"273","author":"Lopez","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.111.243899","article-title":"Importance of myocyte-nonmyocyte interactions in cardiac development and disease","volume":"110","author":"Tian","year":"2012","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H3052","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.01355.2006","article-title":"HSP60 trafficking in adult cardiac myocytes: Role of the exosomal pathway","volume":"292","author":"Gupta","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1186","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.109.209643","article-title":"Extracellular heat shock protein 60, cardiac myocytes, and apoptosis","volume":"105","author":"Kim","year":"2009","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvt047","article-title":"Extracellular HSP60 induces inflammation through activating and up-regulating TLRs in cardiomyocytes","volume":"98","author":"Tian","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Waldenstr\u00f6m, A., Genneb\u00e4ck, N., Hellman, U., and Ronquist, G. (2012). Cardiomyocyte microvesicles contain DNA\/RNA and convey biological messages to target cells. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0034653"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H954","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00835.2012","article-title":"Cardiac myocyte exosomes: Stability, HSP60, and proteomics","volume":"304","author":"Malik","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2979","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.95.6.2979","article-title":"HL-1 cells: A cardiac muscle cell line that contracts and retains phenotypic characteristics of the adult cardiomyocyte","volume":"95","author":"Claycomb","year":"1998","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Genneb\u00e4ck, N., Hellman, U., Malm, L., Larsson, G., Ronquist, G., Waldenstr\u00f6m, A., and M\u00f6rner, S. (2013). Growth factor stimulation of cardiomyocytes induces changes in the transcriptional contents of secreted exosomes. J. Extracell. Vesicles, 2.","DOI":"10.3402\/jev.v2i0.20167"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"848","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2012.10.002","article-title":"Mechanism of TNF \u03b1 autocrine effects in hypoxic cardiomyocytes: Initiated by hypoxia-inducible factor 1\u03b1, presented by exosomes","volume":"53","author":"Yu","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1379\/CSC-74R.1","article-title":"Effects of hypoxia on stress proteins in the piglet heart at birth","volume":"10","author":"Louapre","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cell Stress Chaperones"},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"1064","article-title":"Cardiomyocyte progenitor cell-derived exosomes stimulate migration of endothelial cells","volume":"14","author":"Vrijsen","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Cell. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2014.05.001","article-title":"Cardiomyocytes mediate anti-angiogenesis in type 2 diabetic rats through the exosomal transfer of miR-320 into endothelial cells","volume":"74","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1681.2008.05057.x","article-title":"MicroRNA-320 expression in myocardial microvascular endothelial cells and its relationship with insulin-like growth factor-1 in type 2 diabetic rats","volume":"36","author":"Wang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Feng, B., and Chakrabarti, S. (2012). miR-320 regulates glucose-induced gene expression in diabetes. ISRN Endocrinol., 2012.","DOI":"10.5402\/2012\/549875"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S60","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.113.007917","article-title":"Cross talk of combined gene and cell therapy in ischemic heart disease: Role of exosomal microRNA transfer","volume":"130","author":"Ong","year":"2014","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1093\/abbs\/gmt141","article-title":"Emerging roles of miR-210 and other non-coding RNAs in the hypoxic response","volume":"46","author":"Huang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Biochim. Biophys. Sin."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"van Balkom, B.W., Eisele, A.S., Pegtel, D.M., Bervoets, S., and Verhaar, M.C. (2015). Quantitative and qualitative analysis of small RNAs in human endothelial cells and exosomes provides insights into localized RNA processing, degradation and sorting. J. Extracell. Vesicles, 29.","DOI":"10.3402\/jev.v4.26760"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2143","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI64365","article-title":"MicroRNA-146a is a therapeutic target and biomarker for peripartum cardiomyopathy","volume":"123","author":"Halkein","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2006.12.036","article-title":"A cathepsin D-cleaved 16 kDa form of prolactin mediates postpartum cardiomyopathy","volume":"128","author":"Kaminski","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvu010","article-title":"Opposing roles of Akt and STAT3 in the protection of the maternal heart from peripartum stress","volume":"101","author":"Bultmann","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2136","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI70577","article-title":"Cardiac fibroblast-derived microRNA passenger strand-enriched exosomes mediate cardiomyocyte hypertrophy","volume":"124","author":"Bang","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvu039","article-title":"Regulatory RNAs and paracrine networks in the heart","volume":"102","author":"Viereck","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1247\/csf.27.1","article-title":"Vinexin, CAP\/ponsin, ArgBP2: A novel adaptor protein family regulating cytoskeletal organization and signal transduction","volume":"27","author":"Kioka","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cell Struct. Funct."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.110.218735","article-title":"Loss of enigma homolog protein results in dilated cardiomyopathy","volume":"107","author":"Cheng","year":"2010","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kakimoto, Y., Ito, S., Abiru, H., Kotani, H., Ozeki, M., Tamaki, K., and Tsuruyama, T. (2013). Sorbin and SH3 domain-containing protein 2 is released from infarcted heart in the very early phase: Proteomic analysis of cardiac tissues from patients. J. Am. Heart Assoc., 2.","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.113.000565"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2007.03.005","article-title":"Pathophysiology of acute myocardial infarction","volume":"91","author":"Burke","year":"2007","journal-title":"Med. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.90.2.1033","article-title":"Pathogenesis of acute myocardial infarction","volume":"90","author":"Kawai","year":"1994","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.39.2.168","article-title":"Circus movement in rabbit atrial muscle as a mechanism of tachycardia. II. The role of nonuniform recovery of excitability in the occurrence of unidirectional block, as studied with multiple microelectrodes","volume":"39","author":"Allessie","year":"1976","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"952","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1613","article-title":"Endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition contributes to cardiac fibrosis","volume":"13","author":"Zeisberg","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2009.01.001","article-title":"Transforming growth factor beta-induced endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition: A switch to cardiac fibrosis?","volume":"18","author":"Goumans","year":"2008","journal-title":"Trends Cardiovasc. Med."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1177\/0036933014540090","article-title":"The non-cardiac use and significance of cardiac troponins","volume":"59","author":"Mannu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Scott. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhelev, Z., Hyde, C., Youngman, E., Rogers, M., Fleming, S., Slade, T., Coelho, H., Jones-Hughes, T., and Nikolaou, V. (2015). Diagnostic accuracy of single baseline measurement of Elecsys Troponin T high-sensitive assay for diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction in emergency department: Systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ, 350.","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.h15"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1198","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/44.6.1198","article-title":"Characterization of cardiac troponin subunit release into serum after acute myocardial infarction and comparison of assays for troponin T and I","volume":"44","author":"Wu","year":"1998","journal-title":"Clin. Chem."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiochem.2012.04.013","article-title":"Circulating microRNAs as novel and sensitive biomarkers of acute myocardial Infarction","volume":"45","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1002\/wsbm.111","article-title":"MicroRNAs in cardiomyocyte development","volume":"3","author":"Malizia","year":"2011","journal-title":"Wiley Interdiscip. Rev. Syst. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1089\/dna.2012.1787","article-title":"The emerging role of miR-208a in the heart","volume":"32","author":"Carvalho","year":"2013","journal-title":"DNA Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.4331\/wjbc.v6.i3.162","article-title":"Roles of the canonical myomiRs miR-1, -133 and -206 in cell development and disease","volume":"6","author":"Mitchelson","year":"2015","journal-title":"World J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCGENETICS.110.957415","article-title":"Circulating microRNA-208b and microRNA-499 reflect myocardial damage in cardiovascular disease","volume":"3","author":"Corsten","year":"2010","journal-title":"Circ. Cardiovasc. Genet."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCGENETICS.110.958975","article-title":"Increased microRNA-1 and microRNA-133a levels in serum of patients with cardiovascular disease indicate myocardial damage","volume":"4","author":"Kuwabara","year":"2011","journal-title":"Circ. Cardiovasc. Genet."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1159\/000328869","article-title":"Cardiospecific microRNA plasma levels correlate with troponin and cardiac function in patients with ST elevation myocardial infarction, are selectively dependent on renal elimination, and can be detected in urine samples","volume":"118","author":"Andersson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cardiology"},{"key":"ref_69","first-page":"890","article-title":"Kinetics of plasma microRNA-499 expression in acute myocardial infarction","volume":"7","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Thorac. Dis."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2012.01.075","article-title":"Diagnostic potential of circulating miR-499-5p in elderly patients with acutenon ST-elevation myocardial infarction","volume":"167","author":"Olivieri","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/217948","article-title":"Circulating microRNAs: A potential role in diagnosis and prognosis of acute myocardial infarction","volume":"35","author":"Sayed","year":"2013","journal-title":"Dis. Mark."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.12183","article-title":"Diagnostic and prognostic value of circulating microRNAs in patients with acute chest pain","volume":"277","author":"Devaux","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2012.08.010","article-title":"A translational study of urine miRNAs in acute myocardial infarction","volume":"53","author":"Cheng","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cheng, C., Wang, Q., You, W., Chen, M., and Xia, J. (2014). miRNAs as biomarkers of myocardial infarction: A meta-analysis. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0088566"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3045","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.010728","article-title":"The muscle-specific microRNAs miR-1 and miR-133 produce opposing effects on apoptosis by targeting HSP60, HSP70 and caspase-9 in cardiomyocytes","volume":"120","author":"Xu","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Cell Sci."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"He, B., Xiao, J., Ren, A.J., Zhang, Y.F., Zhang, H., Chen, M., Xie, B., Gao, X.G., and Wang, Y.W. (2011). Role of miR-1 and miR-133a in myocardial ischemic postconditioning. J. Biomed. Sci., 18.","DOI":"10.1186\/1423-0127-18-22"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"850","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.22939","article-title":"MiR-133a regulates collagen 1A1: Potential role of miR-133a in myocardial fibrosis in angiotensin II-dependent hypertension","volume":"227","author":"Castoldi","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Cell. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2011.3964","article-title":"Heme oxygenase-1 inhibits myoblast differentiation by targeting myomirs","volume":"16","author":"Kozakowska","year":"2012","journal-title":"Antioxid. Redox Signal."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, X., Wang, J., Jia, Z., Cui, Q., Zhang, C., Wang, W., Chen, P., Ma, K., and Zhou, C. (2013). MiR-499 regulates cell proliferation and apoptosis during late-stage cardiac differentiation via Sox6 and cyclin D1. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0074504"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stemcr.2014.10.010","article-title":"miR-133a enhances the protective capacity of cardiac progenitors cells after myocardial infarction","volume":"3","author":"Izarra","year":"2014","journal-title":"Stem Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.4161\/rna.28300","article-title":"miR-499 protects cardiomyocytes from H2O2-induced apoptosis via its effects on Pdcd4 and Pacs2","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"RNA Biol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, S., Xiao, F.Y., Shan, P.R., Su, L., Chen, D.L., Ding, J.Y., and Wang, Z.Q. (2015). Overexpression of microRNA-133a inhibits ischemia-reperfusion-induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis by targeting DAPK2. J. Hum. Genet.","DOI":"10.1038\/jhg.2015.96"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.112.300139","article-title":"Intercellular transport of microRNAs","volume":"33","author":"Boon","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1038\/ncb2210","article-title":"MicroRNAs are transported in plasma and delivered to recipient cells by high-density lipoproteins","volume":"13","author":"Vickers","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1007\/s13238-012-2003-z","article-title":"Horizontal transfer of microRNAs: Molecular mechanisms and clinical applications","volume":"3","author":"Chen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Protein Cell"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.113.280883","article-title":"Regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell turnover by endothelial cell-secreted microRNA-126: Role of shear stress","volume":"113","author":"Zhou","year":"2013","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI0215518","article-title":"Evidence that fibroblasts derive from epithelium during tissue fibrosis","volume":"110","author":"Iwano","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1805","DOI":"10.1006\/jmcc.2000.1215","article-title":"CTGF expression is induced by TGF-\u03b2 in cardiac fibroblasts and cardiac myocytes: A potential role in heart fibrosis","volume":"32","author":"Chen","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9621","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-10-1722","article-title":"Cancer exosomes trigger fibroblast to myofibroblast differentiation","volume":"70","author":"Webber","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2012101031","article-title":"TGF-\u03b21-containing exosomes from injured epithelial cells activate fibroblasts to initiate tissue regenerative responses and fibrosis","volume":"24","author":"Borges","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1537","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.030932","article-title":"Therapeutic inhibition of miR-208a improves cardiac function and survival during heart failure","volume":"124","author":"Montgomery","year":"2011","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2153","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.12589","article-title":"Cardiosome-mediated regulation of MMP9 in diabetic heart: Role of mir29b and mir455 in exercise","volume":"19","author":"Chaturvedi","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Cell. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2577","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000070420.51787.A8","article-title":"Left ventricular remodeling and ventricular arrhythmias after myocardial infarction","volume":"107","author":"Lee","year":"2003","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cervio, E., Barile, L., Moccetti, T., and Vassalli, G. (2015). Exosomes for intramyocardial intercellular communication. Stem Cells Int., 2015.","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/482171"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2007.03.005","article-title":"Endogenous cardiac stem cells","volume":"50","author":"Barile","year":"2007","journal-title":"Prog. Cardiovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1089\/scd.2009.0041","article-title":"Characterization of long-term cultured c-kit+ cardiac stem cells derived from adult rat hearts","volume":"19","author":"Miyamoto","year":"2010","journal-title":"Stem Cells Dev."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kawaguchi, N., Smith, A.J., Waring, C.D., Hasan, M.K., Miyamoto, S., Matsuoka, R., and Ellison, G.M. (2010). C-kitpos GATA-4 high rat cardiac stem cells foster adult cardiomyocyte survival through IGF-1 paracrine signalling. PLoS ONE, 5.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0014297"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1525","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2015.02.026","article-title":"Plasma exosomes protect the myocardium from ischemia-reperfusion injury","volume":"65","author":"Vicencio","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barile, L., Gherghiceanu, M., Popescu, L.M., Moccetti, T., and Vassalli, G. (2012). Ultrastructural evidence of exosome secretion by progenitor cells in adult mouse myocardium and adult human cardiospheres. J. Biomed. Biotechnol., 2012.","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/354605"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.114.300639","article-title":"Exosomes and cardiac repair after myocardial infarction","volume":"114","author":"Sahoo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvu167","article-title":"Extracellular vesicles from human cardiac progenitor cells inhibitcardiomyocyte apoptosis and improve cardiac function after myocardialinfarction","volume":"103","author":"Barile","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.2186","article-title":"MicroRNA-132-mediated loss of p120RasGAP activates the endothelium to facilitate pathological angiogenesis","volume":"16","author":"Anand","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4900","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI70230","article-title":"Ras pathway inhibition prevents neovascularization by repressing endothelial cell sprouting","volume":"123","author":"Westenskow","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2015.05.001","article-title":"TGF-\u03b2 induced miR-132 enhances the activation of TGF-\u03b2 signaling through inhibiting SMAD7 expression in glioma cells","volume":"463","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfu097","article-title":"Lipopolysaccharide-induced microRNA-146a targets CARD10 and regulates angiogenesis in human umbilical vein endothelial cells","volume":"140","author":"Rau","year":"2014","journal-title":"Toxicol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15878","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M800731200","article-title":"MicroRNA-210 modulates endothelial cell response to hypoxia and inhibits the receptor tyrosine kinase ligand Ephrin-A3","volume":"283","author":"Fasanaro","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33161","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M109.020925","article-title":"Ischemic preconditioning augments survival of stem cells via miR-210 expression by targeting caspase-8-associated protein 2","volume":"284","author":"Kim","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.116.304360","article-title":"Identification of therapeutic covariant microRNA clusters in hypoxia-treatedcardiac progenitor cell exosomes using systems biology","volume":"116","author":"Gray","year":"2015","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2013.01.015","article-title":"Cardiac progenitor-derived exosomes protect ischemic myocardium from acute ischemia\/reperfusion injury","volume":"431","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stemcr.2014.04.006","article-title":"Exosomes as critical agents of cardiac regeneration triggered by cell therapy","volume":"2","author":"Ibrahim","year":"2014","journal-title":"Stem Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2015.06.008","article-title":"Exosomal clusterin, identified in the pericardial fluid, improves myocardial performance following MI through epicardial activation, enhanced arteriogenesis and reduced apoptosis","volume":"197","author":"Foglio","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1038\/onc.2009.399","article-title":"Transcriptome profiling of a TGF-\u03b2-induced epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition reveals extracellular clusterin as a target for therapeutic antibodies","volume":"29","author":"Lenferink","year":"2010","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1016\/S1357-2725(01)00155-8","article-title":"Clusterin","volume":"34","author":"Jones","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int. J. Biochem. Cell. Biol."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2014.10.144","article-title":"Repeated remote ischemic conditioning attenuates left ventricular remodeling via exosome-mediated intercellular communication on chronic heart failure after myocardial infarction","volume":"178","author":"Yamaguchi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1885","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2013.08.027","article-title":"Canonical transforming growth factor-\u03b2 signaling regulates disintegrin metalloprotease expression in experimental renal fibrosis via miR-29","volume":"183","author":"Ramdas","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"974","DOI":"10.1038\/mt.2014.25","article-title":"miR-29b as a therapeutic agent for angiotensin II-induced cardiac fibrosisby targeting TGF-\u03b2\/Smad3 signaling","volume":"22","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ciechomska, M., O\u2019Reilly, S., Suwara, M., Bogunia-Kubik, K., and van Laar, J.M. (2014). miR-29a reduces TIMP-1 production by dermal fibroblasts via targeting TGF-\u03b2 activated kinase 1 binding protein 1, implications for systemic sclerosis. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0115596"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, J., Rohailla, S., Gelber, N., Rutka, J., Sabah, N., Gladstone, R.A., Wei, C., Hu, P., Kharbanda, R.K., and Redington, A.N. (2014). MicroRNA-144 is a circulating effector of remote ischemic preconditioning. Basic Res. Cardiol., 109.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00395-014-0423-z"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1042\/CS20100466","article-title":"Remote preconditioning provides potent cardioprotection via PI3K\/Akt activation and is associated with nuclear accumulation of \u03b2-catenin","volume":"120","author":"Li","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Sci."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2120","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.115.015687","article-title":"Circulating exosomes induced by cardiac pressure overload contain functional angiotensin II type 1 receptors","volume":"131","author":"Pironti","year":"2015","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.113.300636","article-title":"Exosomes: Nanoparticles involved in cardioprotection?","volume":"114","author":"Yellon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maguire, G. (2013). Stem cell therapy without the cells. Commun. Integr. Biol., 6.","DOI":"10.4161\/cib.26631"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.111.253286","article-title":"Exosomes from human CD34+ stem cells mediate their proangiogenic paracrine activity","volume":"109","author":"Sahoo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2724","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2013.09.007","article-title":"Enhanced mesenchymal stem cell survival induced by GATA-4 overexpression is partially mediated by regulation of the miR-15 family","volume":"45","author":"Yu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Biochem. Cell. Biol."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1006","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1400703","article-title":"Dendritic cell-derived exosomes as immunotherapies in the fight against cancer","volume":"193","author":"Pitt","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1038\/mt.2008.1","article-title":"Phase I clinical trial of autologous ascites-derived exosomes combined with GM-CSF for colorectal cancer","volume":"16","author":"Dai","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1699","DOI":"10.3892\/ijo.2015.2846","article-title":"Immune responses in patients with esophageal cancer treated with SART1 peptide-pulsed dendritic cell vaccine","volume":"46","author":"Narita","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.devcel.2008.07.002","article-title":"The endothelial-specific microRNA miR-126 governs vascular integrity and angiogenesis","volume":"15","author":"Wang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Dev. Cell"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zernecke, A., Bidzhekov, K., Noels, H., Shagdarsuren, E., Gan, L., Denecke, B., Hristov, M., K\u00f6ppel, T., Jahantigh, M.N., and Lutgens, E. (2009). Delivery of microRNA-126 by apoptotic bodies induces CXCL12-dependent vascular protection. Sci. Signal., 2.","DOI":"10.1126\/scisignal.2000610"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2026","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.113.001720","article-title":"Endothelial microparticle-mediated transfer of MicroRNA-126 promotes vascular endothelial cell repair via SPRED1 and is abrogated in glucose-damaged endothelial microparticles","volume":"128","author":"Jansen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-394622-5.00018-3","article-title":"Sonic Hedgehog on microparticles and neovascularization","volume":"88","author":"Soleti","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vitam. Horm."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2735","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.07-8079com","article-title":"Sonic hedgehog carried by microparticles corrects endothelial injury through nitric oxide release","volume":"21","author":"Agouni","year":"2007","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Benameur, T., Soleti, R., Porro, C., Andriantsitohaina, R., and Mart\u00ednez, M.C. (2010). Microparticles carrying Sonic hedgehog favor neovascularization through the activation of nitric oxide pathway in mice. PLoS ONE, 5.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0012688"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/17\/1\/63\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T19:17:18Z","timestamp":1760210238000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/17\/1\/63"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,5]]},"references-count":133,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,1]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms17010063"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms17010063","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,5]]}}}