{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T13:54:50Z","timestamp":1792677290041,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,15]],"date-time":"2016-01-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1452816000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Innate and adaptive immunity are both involved in acute and chronic inflammatory processes. The main cellular players in the innate immune system are macrophages, mast cells, dendritic cells, neutrophils, eosinophils, and natural killer (NK), which offer antigen-independent defense against infection. Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection presents peculiar characteristics in gastric mucosa infrequently occurring in other organs; its gastric colonization determines a causal role in both gastric carcinomas and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma. In contrast, an active role for Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) has been identified only in 9% of gastric carcinomas. The aim of the present review is to discuss the role of cellular morphological effectors in innate immunity during H. pylori infection and gastric carcinogenesis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms17010109","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,16]],"date-time":"2016-01-16T03:30:25Z","timestamp":1452915025000},"page":"109","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Morphological and Cellular Features of Innate Immune Reaction in Helicobacter pylori Gastritis: A Brief Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0493-7621","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Ieni","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Pathology \u201c<i>Gaetano Barresi<\/i>\u201d, University of Messina, Messina 98125, Italy"},{"name":"Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria \u201c<i>Policlinico Gaetano Martino<\/i>\u201d, Messina 98125, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valeria","family":"Barresi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Pathology \u201c<i>Gaetano Barresi<\/i>\u201d, University of Messina, Messina 98125, Italy"},{"name":"Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria \u201c<i>Policlinico Gaetano Martino<\/i>\u201d, Messina 98125, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luciana","family":"Rigoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Pathology \u201c<i>Gaetano Barresi<\/i>\u201d, University of Messina, Messina 98125, Italy"},{"name":"Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria \u201c<i>Policlinico Gaetano Martino<\/i>\u201d, Messina 98125, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Fedele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria \u201c<i>Policlinico Gaetano Martino<\/i>\u201d, Messina 98125, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1561-4246","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giovanni","family":"Tuccari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Pathology \u201c<i>Gaetano Barresi<\/i>\u201d, University of Messina, Messina 98125, Italy"},{"name":"Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria \u201c<i>Policlinico Gaetano Martino<\/i>\u201d, Messina 98125, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rosario","family":"Caruso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Pathology \u201c<i>Gaetano Barresi<\/i>\u201d, University of Messina, Messina 98125, Italy"},{"name":"Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria \u201c<i>Policlinico Gaetano Martino<\/i>\u201d, Messina 98125, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2009.09.017","article-title":"Adaptive immunity","volume":"125","author":"Bonilla","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. 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