{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T22:34:32Z","timestamp":1790634872792,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":150,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,15]],"date-time":"2016-01-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1452816000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The aim of this review is to provide an overview of various retinal cell degeneration models in animal induced by chemicals (N-methyl-d-aspartate- and CoCl2-induced), autoimmune (experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis), mechanical stress (optic nerve crush-induced, light-induced) and ischemia (transient retinal ischemia-induced). The target regions, pathology and proposed mechanism of each model are described in a comparative fashion. Animal models of retinal cell degeneration provide insight into the underlying mechanisms of the disease, and will facilitate the development of novel effective therapeutic drugs to treat retinal cell damage.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms17010110","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,16]],"date-time":"2016-01-16T03:30:25Z","timestamp":1452915025000},"page":"110","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":56,"title":["Retinal Cell Degeneration in Animal Models"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2746-2486","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Masayuki","family":"Niwa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Science Division, United Graduate School of Drug Discovery and Medical Information Sciences, Gifu 501-1194, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hitomi","family":"Aoki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Tissue and Organ Development, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu 501-1194, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Akihiro","family":"Hirata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Animal Experiment, Life Science Research Center, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1194, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3291-0274","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hiroyuki","family":"Tomita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Tumor Pathology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu 501-1194, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Green","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5554-8060","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Akira","family":"Hara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Tumor Pathology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu 501-1194, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1989.01070010349021","article-title":"Excitotoxins: A possible new mechanism for the pathogenesis of ischemic retinal damage","volume":"107","author":"Bresnick","year":"1989","journal-title":"Arch. 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