{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T18:05:28Z","timestamp":1769191528866,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,21]],"date-time":"2016-01-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1453334400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Photodynamic therapy has a role in the management of early and late thoracic malignancies. It can be used to facilitate minimally-invasive treatment of early endobronchial tumours and also to palliate obstructive and bleeding effects of advanced endobronchial tumours. Photodynamic therapy has been used as a means of downsizing tumours to allow for resection, as well as reducing the extent of resection necessary. It has also been used successfully for minimally-invasive management of local recurrences, which is especially valuable for patients who are not eligible for radiation therapy. Photodynamic therapy has also shown promising results in mesothelioma and pleural-based metastatic disease. As new generation photosensitizers are being developed and tested and methodological issues continue to be addressed, the role of photodynamic therapy in thoracic malignancies continues to evolve.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms17010135","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,22]],"date-time":"2016-01-22T11:36:13Z","timestamp":1453462573000},"page":"135","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Photodynamic Therapy in Non-Gastrointestinal Thoracic Malignancies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Biniam","family":"Kidane","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Thoracic Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada"},{"name":"Division of Thoracic Surgery, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dhruvin","family":"Hirpara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kazuhiro","family":"Yasufuku","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Thoracic Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada"},{"name":"Division of Thoracic Surgery, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.20114","article-title":"Photodynamic therapy of cancer: An update","volume":"61","author":"Agostinis","year":"2011","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. 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