{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,18]],"date-time":"2025-12-18T19:44:33Z","timestamp":1766087073850,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,8]],"date-time":"2016-02-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1454889600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>TGF-\u03b21 is known to inhibit muscle regeneration after muscle injury. However, it is unknown if high systemic levels of TGF-\u03b2 can affect the muscle regeneration process. In the present study, we demonstrated the effect of a CCl4 intra-peritoneal injection and losartan (an angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist) on skeletal muscle (gastrocnemius muscle) injury and regeneration. Male C57BL\/6 mice were grouped randomly as follows: control (n = 7), CCl4-treatment group (n = 7), and CCl4 + losartan treatment group (n = 7). After CCl4 treatment for a 16-week period, the animals were sacrificed and analyzed. The expression of dystrophin significantly decreased in the muscle tissues of the control group, as compared with that of the CCl4 + losartan group (p &lt; 0.01). p(phospho)-Smad2\/3 expression significantly increased in the muscles of the control group compared to that in the CCl4 + losartan group (p &lt; 0.01). The expressions of Pax7, MyoD, and myogenin increased in skeletal muscles of the CCl4 + losartan group compared to the corresponding levels in the control group (p &lt; 0.01). We hypothesize that systemically elevated TGF-\u03b21 as a result of CCl4-induced liver injury causes skeletal muscle injury, while losartan promotes muscle repair from injury via blockade of TGF-\u03b21 signaling.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms17020227","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,9]],"date-time":"2016-02-09T13:45:23Z","timestamp":1455025523000},"page":"227","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Therapeutic Effect of Losartan, an Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Antagonist, on CCl4-Induced Skeletal Muscle Injury"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Ok-Kyung","family":"Hwang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jin-Kyu","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eun-Joo","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Korea"},{"name":"Stem Cell Therapeutic Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eun-Mi","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Korea"},{"name":"Stem Cell Therapeutic Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0600-1816","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ah-Young","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Korea"},{"name":"Stem Cell Therapeutic Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kyu-Shik","family":"Jeong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Korea"},{"name":"Stem Cell Therapeutic Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1080\/713611034","article-title":"Hepatotoxicity and mechanism of action of haloalkanes: Carbon tetrachloride as a toxicological model","volume":"33","author":"Weber","year":"2003","journal-title":"Crit. 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