{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T02:09:45Z","timestamp":1789351785978,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,22]],"date-time":"2016-02-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1456099200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this study, a gas-chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) metabolomics study was applied to examine urine metabolite profiles of different classes of neonates under different nutrition regimens. The study population included 35 neonates, exclusively either breastfed or formula milk fed, in a seven-day timeframe. Urine samples were collected from intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), large for gestational age (LGA), and appropriate gestational age (AGA) neonates. At birth, IUGR and LGA neonates showed similarities in their urine metabolite profiles that differed from AGA. When neonates started milk feeding, their metabolite excretion profile was strongly characterized by the different diet regimens. After three days of formula milk nutrition, urine had higher levels of glucose, galactose, glycine and myo-inositol, while up-regulated aconitic acid, aminomalonic acid and adipic acid were found in breast milk fed neonates. At seven days, neonates fed with formula milk shared higher levels of pseudouridine with IUGR and LGA at birth. Breastfed neonates shared up-regulated pyroglutamic acid, citric acid, and homoserine, with AGA at birth. The role of most important metabolites is herein discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms17020265","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,22]],"date-time":"2016-02-22T10:24:17Z","timestamp":1456136657000},"page":"265","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["Exploring the Role of Different Neonatal Nutrition Regimens during the First Week of Life by Urinary GC-MS Metabolomics"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1154-2118","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angelica","family":"Dess\u00ec","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Puericulture Institute and Neonatal Section, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria, University of Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Murgia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Via Ospedale 72, 09124 Cagliari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rocco","family":"Agostino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neonatal Intensive Unit and Neonatal Pathology, \u201cS. Giovanni Calibita\u201d Hospital, Fatebenefratelli Isola Tiberina, 00186 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Pattumelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neonatal Intensive Unit and Neonatal Pathology, \u201cS. Giovanni Calibita\u201d Hospital, Fatebenefratelli Isola Tiberina, 00186 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Schirru","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Puericulture Institute and Neonatal Section, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria, University of Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8350-8990","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paola","family":"Scano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical and Geological Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vassilios","family":"Fanos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Puericulture Institute and Neonatal Section, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria, University of Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2448-3767","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pierluigi","family":"Caboni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Via Ospedale 72, 09124 Cagliari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.311.6998.171","article-title":"Fetal origins of coronary heart disease","volume":"311","author":"Barker","year":"1995","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11724","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules181011724","article-title":"Metabolomics and fetal-neonatal nutrition: Between \u201cnot enough\u201d and \u201ctoo much\u201d","volume":"18","author":"Puddu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00400248","article-title":"Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus: The thrifty phenotype hypothesis","volume":"35","author":"Hales","year":"1992","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Committee on Practice Bulletins Gynecology, and American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (2001). 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