{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T20:53:41Z","timestamp":1793307221492,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,29]],"date-time":"2016-03-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1459209600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Sleep disturbance is common in children with atopic dermatitis (AD). It is a major factor leading to impaired quality of life in these patients and could have negative effects on neurocognitive function and behavior. However, the pathophysiology of sleep disturbance in children with AD is poorly understood, and there is no consensus on how to manage sleep problems in these patients. Pruritus and scratching could lead to sleep disruption but is unlikely the sole etiology. The circadian rhythm of cytokines, the immune system, and skin physiology such as transcutaneous water loss and skin blood flow might also play a role. Recent studies have suggested that melatonin could also be involved due to its multiple effects on sleep, immunomodulation, and anti-oxidant ability. Environmental factors should also be considered. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of the pathophysiology of sleep disturbance in children with AD, and discuss possible therapeutic implications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms17040462","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,29]],"date-time":"2016-03-29T16:00:28Z","timestamp":1459267228000},"page":"462","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":89,"title":["Mechanism of Sleep Disturbance in Children with Atopic Dermatitis and the Role of the Circadian Rhythm and Melatonin"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Yung-Sen","family":"Chang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Taipei City Hospital Renai Branch, Taipei 106, Taiwan"},{"name":"Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan"},{"name":"School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bor-Luen","family":"Chiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Medical Research, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 100, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1483","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra074081","article-title":"Atopic dermatitis","volume":"358","author":"Bieber","year":"2008","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2014.08.008","article-title":"Deciphering the complexities of atopic dermatitis: Shifting paradigms in treatment approaches","volume":"134","author":"Leung","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2010.01.004","article-title":"Eczema and sleep and its relationship to daytime functioning in children","volume":"14","author":"Camfferman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sleep Med. Rev."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-3038.2006.00502.x","article-title":"Atopic dermatitis: Quality of life of young Italian children and their families and correlation with severity score","volume":"18","author":"Ricci","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pediatr. Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"984","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-1241.2006.01047.x","article-title":"Quality of life and childhood atopic dermatitis: The misery of living with childhood eczema","volume":"60","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.153.3.249","article-title":"Sleep fragmentation in children with atopic dermatitis","volume":"153","author":"Reuveni","year":"1999","journal-title":"Arch. Pediatr. Adolesc. Med."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/12.4.309","article-title":"Sleep and nighttime pruritus in children with atopic dermatitis","volume":"12","author":"Monti","year":"1989","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1080\/09546630410020145","article-title":"Resting energy expenditure, oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production during sleep in children with atopic dermatitis","volume":"16","author":"Hon","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Dermatol. Treat."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e397","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2014-0376","article-title":"Atopic dermatitis, melatonin, and sleep disturbance","volume":"134","author":"Chang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8624.00414","article-title":"Sleep, neurobehavioral functioning, and behavior problems in school-age children","volume":"73","author":"Sadeh","year":"2002","journal-title":"Child Dev."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1213","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/30.9.1213","article-title":"Associations between sleep duration patterns and behavioral\/cognitive functioning at school entry","volume":"30","author":"Touchette","year":"2007","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1398-9995.2010.02487.x","article-title":"Infant eczema, infant sleeping problems, and mental health at 10 years of age: The prospective birth cohort study lisaplus","volume":"66","author":"Schmitt","year":"2011","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1001\/jamadermatol.2014.3432","article-title":"Association between eczema and stature in 9 us population-based studies","volume":"151","author":"Silverberg","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.2009.093534","article-title":"Association of attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder and atopic eczema modified by sleep disturbance in a large population-based sample","volume":"64","author":"Romanos","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Epidemiol. Community Health"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2013.10.010","article-title":"Guidelines of care for the management of atopic dermatitis: Section 1. Diagnosis and assessment of atopic dermatitis","volume":"70","author":"Eichenfield","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2012.12.672","article-title":"Atopic dermatitis: A practice parameter update 2012","volume":"131","author":"Schneider","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13482","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms150813482","article-title":"Melatonin and atopy: Role in atopic dermatitis and asthma","volume":"15","author":"Marseglia","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2015.3092","article-title":"Melatonin supplementation for children with atopic dermatitis and sleep disturbance: A randomized clinical trial","volume":"170","author":"Chang","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2015.08.028","article-title":"Nocturnal eczema: Review of sleep and circadian rhythms in children with atopic dermatitis and future research directions","volume":"136","author":"Fishbein","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1007\/s12016-010-8225-z","article-title":"Atopic dermatitis and the nervous system","volume":"41","author":"Misery","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Rev. Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2008.11.900","article-title":"Neuroselective transcutaneous electrical stimulation reveals neuronal sensitization in atopic dermatitis","volume":"60","author":"Ozawa","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e22029","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0022029","article-title":"Eosinophils increase neuron branching in human and murine skin and in vitro","volume":"6","author":"Foster","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdermsci.2008.08.011","article-title":"Quantitative analysis of nerve growth factor (NGF) in the atopic dermatitis and psoriasis horny layer and effect of treatment on NGF in atopic dermatitis","volume":"53","author":"Yamaguchi","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Dermatol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2005.10.033","article-title":"IL-31: A new link between T cells and pruritus in atopic skin inflammation","volume":"117","author":"Sonkoly","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"930","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2006.07.015","article-title":"Enhanced expression levels of IL-31 correlate with IL-4 and IL-13 in atopic and allergic contact dermatitis","volume":"118","author":"Neis","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"922","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2007.08149.x","article-title":"Pathophysiology of nocturnal scratching in childhood atopic dermatitis: The role of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and substance P","volume":"157","author":"Hon","year":"2007","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4632.2005.02703.x","article-title":"Lesson from performing scorads in children with atopic dermatitis: Subjective symptoms do not correlate well with disease extent or intensity","volume":"45","author":"Hon","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2006.07213.x","article-title":"Nocturnal wrist movements are correlated with objective clinical scores and plasma chemokine levels in children with atopic dermatitis","volume":"154","author":"Hon","year":"2006","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525-1470.2009.00904.x","article-title":"The relationship between sensory hypersensitivity and sleep quality of children with atopic dermatitis","volume":"26","author":"Rozenman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pediatr. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-3038.2011.01241.x","article-title":"IL-31 significantly correlates with disease activity and Th2 cytokine levels in children with atopic dermatitis","volume":"23","author":"Raap","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pediatr. Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2133.1999.02924.x","article-title":"The characteristics of nocturnal scratching in adults with atopic dermatitis","volume":"141","author":"Ebata","year":"1999","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/S0190-9622(03)02480-0","article-title":"The development of an objective method for measuring scratch in children with atopic dermatitis suitable for clinical use","volume":"50","author":"Benjamin","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2007.10.010","article-title":"Disease severity, scratching, and sleep quality in patients with atopic dermatitis","volume":"58","author":"Bender","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2005.09.041","article-title":"Sleep disorders in patients with asthma, atopic dermatitis, and allergic rhinitis","volume":"116","author":"Bender","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525-1470.1998.tb01333.x","article-title":"Physiological sleep disturbance in children with atopic dermatitis: A case control study","volume":"15","author":"Stores","year":"1998","journal-title":"Pediatr. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2009.05300.x","article-title":"Effects of sleep and circadian rhythm on the human immune system","volume":"1193","author":"Lange","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4454","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.158.9.4454","article-title":"Effects of sleep and circadian rhythm on human circulating immune cells","volume":"158","author":"Born","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1111\/imm.12525","article-title":"Chrono-immunology: Progress and challenges in understanding links between the circadian and immune systems","volume":"146","author":"Geiger","year":"2015","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2008.03822.x","article-title":"Sleep-dependent activity of T cells and regulatory T cells","volume":"155","author":"Bollinger","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2005.01.002","article-title":"Cytokines and sleep","volume":"9","author":"Opp","year":"2005","journal-title":"Sleep Med. Rev."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1006\/cyto.1997.0289","article-title":"Diurnal rhythms of pro-inflammatory cytokines: Regulation by plasma cortisol and therapeutic implications","volume":"10","author":"Petrovsky","year":"1998","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8986.2008.00662.x","article-title":"Preliminary evidence that morning vaccination is associated with an enhanced antibody response in men","volume":"45","author":"Phillips","year":"2008","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1059","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.180.3.1059","article-title":"Circadian dynamics of tumor necrosis factor \u03b1 (cachectin) lethality","volume":"180","author":"Hrushesky","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1159\/000071474","article-title":"Coemergence of insomnia and a shift in the Th1\/Th2 balance toward Th2 dominance","volume":"10","author":"Sakami","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neuroimmunomodulation"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2010.07.041","article-title":"Staphylococcal exotoxins are strong inducers of IL-22: A potential role in atopic dermatitis","volume":"126","author":"Niebuhr","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1615","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00958-10","article-title":"Staphylococcal \u03b1-toxin is a strong inducer of interleukin-17 in humans","volume":"79","author":"Niebuhr","year":"2011","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2011.09.007","article-title":"Advances in atopic dermatitis","volume":"23","author":"Novak","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.2340\/00015555-0280","article-title":"Nocturnal itch: Why do we itch at night?","volume":"87","author":"Patel","year":"2007","journal-title":"Acta Derm. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2011.11.016","article-title":"Sleep-wake disorders and dermatology","volume":"31","author":"Gupta","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"12","article-title":"Are shifts in circadian cortisol rhythm an endocrine symptom of atopic eczema?","volume":"39","author":"Heubeck","year":"1988","journal-title":"Hautarzt Z. Dermatol. Venerol. Verwandte Gebiete"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2010.315","article-title":"A circadian clock in HaCaT keratinocytes","volume":"131","author":"Sporl","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1747.1998.00069.x","article-title":"Time-dependent variations of the skin barrier function in humans: Transepidermal water loss, stratum corneum hydration, skin surface PH, and skin temperature","volume":"110","author":"Yosipovitch","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"824","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0022-202X.2004.22313.x","article-title":"Circadian and ultradian (12 h) variations of skin blood flow and barrier function in non-irritated and irritated skin-effect of topical corticosteroids","volume":"122","author":"Yosipovitch","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199701163360306","article-title":"Melatonin in humans","volume":"336","author":"Brzezinski","year":"1997","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2997","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-014-1579-2","article-title":"Extrapineal melatonin: Sources, regulation, and potential functions","volume":"71","author":"Escames","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2012.01.003","article-title":"New perspectives in melatonin uses","volume":"65","author":"Carpentieri","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2004.05.002","article-title":"Melatonin as a chronobiotic","volume":"9","author":"Arendt","year":"2005","journal-title":"Sleep Med. Rev."},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"S73","article-title":"Melatonin, the pineal gland, and circadian rhythms","volume":"8","author":"Cassone","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Biol. Rhythms"},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"224","article-title":"Alterations of melatonin secretion in atopic eczema","volume":"68","author":"Schwarz","year":"1988","journal-title":"Acta Derm. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4530(79)90005-2","article-title":"Melatonin excretion, body temperature and subjective arousal during 64 hours of sleep deprivation","volume":"4","author":"Akerstedt","year":"1979","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1437","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/30.11.1437","article-title":"Plasma melatonin rhythms in young and older humans during sleep, sleep deprivation, and wake","volume":"30","author":"Zeitzer","year":"2007","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotobiol.2009.11.014","article-title":"Photoimmunomodulation and melatonin","volume":"98","author":"Haldar","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Photochem. Photobiol. B"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1844","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2010.07.041","article-title":"Melatonin: A pleiotropic molecule regulating inflammation","volume":"80","author":"Radogna","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.159.2.574","article-title":"Melatonin enhances IL-2, IL-6, and IFN-\u03b3 production by human circulating CD4+ cells: A possible nuclear receptor-mediated mechanism involving T helper type 1 lymphocytes and monocytes","volume":"159","author":"Calvo","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-079X.2000.290301.x","article-title":"Correlation between nuclear melatonin receptor expression and enhanced cytokine production in human lymphocytic and monocytic cell lines","volume":"29","author":"Pozo","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Pineal Res."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-6480(02)00516-6","article-title":"Melatonin can produce immunoenhancement in Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) without prior immunosuppression","volume":"129","author":"Moore","year":"2002","journal-title":"Gen. Comp. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8638","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms14048638","article-title":"Melatonin: Buffering the immune system","volume":"14","author":"Lardone","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1111\/jpi.12128","article-title":"Protective effects of melatonin in reducing oxidative stress and in preserving the fluidity of biological membranes: A review","volume":"56","author":"Garcia","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Pineal Res."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17705","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms151017705","article-title":"Local melatoninergic system as the protector of skin integrity","volume":"15","author":"Slominski","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4807","DOI":"10.2174\/1381612819666131119110258","article-title":"Mechanisms of esophageal protection, gastroprotection and ulcer healing by melatonin. Implications for the therapeutic use of melatonin in gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and peptic ulcer disease","volume":"20","author":"Brzozowska","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Des."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.4103\/0974-7753.111199","article-title":"Topical melatonin for treatment of androgenetic alopecia","volume":"4","author":"Fischer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Trichol."},{"key":"ref_72","first-page":"809","article-title":"Evidence for supplemental treatments in androgenetic alopecia","volume":"13","author":"Famenini","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Drugs Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.3109\/00365513.2010.506926","article-title":"Comparison of the effect of topical and systemic melatonin administration on delayed wound healing in rats that underwent pinealectomy","volume":"70","author":"Ozler","year":"2010","journal-title":"Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Investig."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-079X.2009.00718.x","article-title":"Melatonin inhibits the development of 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene-induced atopic dermatitis-like skin lesions in NC\/Nga mice","volume":"47","author":"Kim","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Pineal Res."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1046\/j.0905-6157.2003.00106.x","article-title":"Does the severity of atopic dermatitis correlate with serum IGE levels?","volume":"15","author":"Laske","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pediatr. Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1258","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4632.2007.03407.x","article-title":"Are age-specific high serum IgE levels associated with worse symptomatology in children with atopic dermatitis?","volume":"46","author":"Hon","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_77","first-page":"1","article-title":"A survey of serum specific-IgE to common allergens in primary school children of Taipei city","volume":"28","author":"Wan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Asian Pac. J. Allergy Immunol.\/Launched Allergy Immunol. Soc. Thail."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.159.8.745","article-title":"The price of pruritus: Sleep disturbance and cosleeping in atopic dermatitis","volume":"159","author":"Chamlin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch. Pediatr. Adolesc. Med."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2869.2008.00699.x","article-title":"Sleep and sleep ecology in the first 3 years: A web-based study","volume":"18","author":"Sadeh","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Sleep Res."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2006.04.038","article-title":"Management of sleep disturbance associated with atopic dermatitis","volume":"118","author":"Kelsay","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1097\/00004714-200210000-00012","article-title":"Tolerance to daytime sedative effects of H1 antihistamines","volume":"22","author":"Richardson","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00626365","article-title":"Peripheral antihistamine and central sedative effects of single and continuous oral doses of cetirizine and hydroxyzine","volume":"41","author":"Levander","year":"1991","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1507\/endocrj1954.33.405","article-title":"Nocturnal enhancement of plasma melatonin could be suppressed by benzodiazepines in humans","volume":"33","author":"Kabuto","year":"1986","journal-title":"Endocrinol. Jpn."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1522","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.135.12.1522","article-title":"An evidence-based review of the efficacy of antihistamines in relieving pruritus in atopic dermatitis","volume":"135","author":"Klein","year":"1999","journal-title":"Arch. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.38731.532766.F6","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of exogenous melatonin for secondary sleep disorders and sleep disorders accompanying sleep restriction: Meta-analysis","volume":"332","author":"Buscemi","year":"2006","journal-title":"BMJ"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/17\/4\/462\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T19:21:26Z","timestamp":1760210486000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/17\/4\/462"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,29]]},"references-count":85,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,4]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms17040462"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms17040462","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,29]]}}}