{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T20:23:23Z","timestamp":1778703803680,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,7]],"date-time":"2016-04-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1459987200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008426","name":"Friedrich Baur Stiftung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["43\/15"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["43\/15"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008426","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Galectins (gal) are members of the mammalian \u03b2-galactoside-binding proteins and recognize Gal\u03b21-4GlcNAc and Gal\u03b21-4GalNac (Thomsen-Friedenreich antigen (TF)) sequences of several cell surface oligosaccharides. In this study, gal-1, -2, -3 and -13 were investigated systematically in the trophoblast and decidua compartment of intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) placentas and normal third trimester control placentas and stratified by fetal gender and gestational age. Within this study, 29 third trimester placentas after delivery were analyzed. Fetal gender was equally divided within both groups, and immunohistochemical staining was analyzed according to fetal gender and gestational age. Double immune-fluorescence with trophoblast-specific markers was used to identify galectin-expressing cells at the feto-maternal interface in the decidua. Gal-3 was significantly downregulated only in the extravillous trophoblast of IUGR placentas. In contrast, expressions of gal-2 and gal-13 were downregulated in both villous and extravillous trophoblast cells of IUGR placentas. In addition, gal-2 and gal-13 showed a highly correlated expression scheme in the placenta. There are significant gender-specific expression patterns for single prototype galectins with downregulation of gal-2 and gal-13 of male gender placentas in cases of IUGR. Gal-3 as the chimera type galectin shows only little gender-specific differences in expression, which disappear in IUGR cases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms17040523","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,7]],"date-time":"2016-04-07T11:52:48Z","timestamp":1460029968000},"page":"523","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Placental Expression Patterns of Galectin-1, Galectin-2, Galectin-3 and Galectin-13 in Cases of Intrauterine Growth Restriction (IUGR)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Stefan","family":"Hutter","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, Maistra\u00dfe 11, 80337 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Julia","family":"Knabl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, Maistra\u00dfe 11, 80337 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ulrich","family":"Andergassen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, Maistra\u00dfe 11, 80337 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Simone","family":"Hofmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, Maistra\u00dfe 11, 80337 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christina","family":"Kuhn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, Maistra\u00dfe 11, 80337 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sven","family":"Mahner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, Maistra\u00dfe 11, 80337 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Petra","family":"Arck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University of Hamburg, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2623-3235","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Udo","family":"Jeschke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, Maistra\u00dfe 11, 80337 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.4161\/adip.19465","article-title":"Galectin-12: A protein associated with lipid droplets that regulates lipid metabolism and energy balance","volume":"1","author":"Yang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Adipocyte"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2011.06.003","article-title":"Galectins distinctively regulate central monocyte and macrophage function","volume":"271","author":"Paclik","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell. 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