{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,5]],"date-time":"2026-11-05T22:20:57Z","timestamp":1793917257089,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":108,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,12]],"date-time":"2016-05-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1463011200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004587","name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PI12\/00378"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI12\/00378"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004587","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004587","name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SAS-PI-0239\/2012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SAS-PI-0239\/2012"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004587","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004587","name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AC-0073-2013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AC-0073-2013"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004587","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Idiosyncratic drug-induced liver injury (DILI) caused by xenobiotics (drugs, herbals and dietary supplements) presents with a range of both phenotypes and severity, from acute hepatitis indistinguishable of viral hepatitis to autoimmune syndromes, steatosis or rare chronic vascular syndromes, and from asymptomatic liver test abnormalities to acute liver failure. DILI pathogenesis is complex, depending on the interaction of drug physicochemical properties and host factors. The awareness of risk factors for DILI is arising from the analysis of large databases of DILI cases included in Registries and Consortia networks around the world. These networks are also enabling in-depth phenotyping with the identification of predictors for severe outcome, including acute liver failure and mortality\/liver transplantation. Genome wide association studies taking advantage of these large cohorts have identified several alleles from the major histocompatibility complex system indicating a fundamental role of the adaptive immune system in DILI pathogenesis. Correct case definition and characterization is crucial for appropriate phenotyping, which in turn will strengthen sample collection for genotypic and future biomarkers studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms17050714","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,12]],"date-time":"2016-05-12T10:18:45Z","timestamp":1463048325000},"page":"714","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":82,"title":["Case Characterization, Clinical Features and Risk Factors in Drug-Induced Liver Injury"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Aida","family":"Ortega-Alonso","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Gesti\u00f3n Cl\u00ednica de Enfermedades Digestivas y Farmacolog\u00eda Cl\u00ednica, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica de M\u00e1laga (IBIMA), Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Universidad de M\u00e1laga, 29071 M\u00e1laga, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Camilla","family":"Stephens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Gesti\u00f3n Cl\u00ednica de Enfermedades Digestivas y Farmacolog\u00eda Cl\u00ednica, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica de M\u00e1laga (IBIMA), Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Universidad de M\u00e1laga, 29071 M\u00e1laga, Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red de Enfermedades Hep\u00e1ticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9586-4896","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M.","family":"Lucena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Gesti\u00f3n Cl\u00ednica de Enfermedades Digestivas y Farmacolog\u00eda Cl\u00ednica, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica de M\u00e1laga (IBIMA), Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Universidad de M\u00e1laga, 29071 M\u00e1laga, Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red de Enfermedades Hep\u00e1ticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1565-0757","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ra\u00fal","family":"Andrade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red de Enfermedades Hep\u00e1ticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1581","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.21424","article-title":"Outcome of acute idiosyncratic drug-induced liver injury: Long-term follow-up in a hepatotoxicity registry","volume":"44","author":"Andrade","year":"2006","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gastro.2005.05.006","article-title":"Drug-induced liver injury: An analysis of 461 incidences submitted to the Spanish registry over a 10-year period","volume":"129","author":"Andrade","year":"2005","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cld.2013.07.006","article-title":"Liver injury induced by herbal complementary and alternative medicine","volume":"17","author":"Navarro","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. 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