{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T03:52:58Z","timestamp":1790481178045,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":109,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,12]],"date-time":"2016-05-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1463011200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a leading cause of chronic liver disease but the second cause of death among NAFLD patients are attributed to malignancies at both gastrointestinal (liver, colon, esophagus, stomach, and pancreas) and extra-intestinal sites (kidney in men, and breast in women). Obesity and related metabolic abnormalities are associated with increased incidence or mortality for a number of cancers. NAFLD has an intertwined relationship with metabolic syndrome and significantly contributes to the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), but recent evidence have fuelled concerns that NAFLD may be a new, and added, risk factor for extra-hepatic cancers, particularly in the gastrointestinal tract. In this review we critically appraise key studies on NAFLD-associated extra-hepatic cancers and speculate on how NAFLD may influence carcinogenesis at these sites.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms17050717","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,12]],"date-time":"2016-05-12T10:18:45Z","timestamp":1463048325000},"page":"717","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":169,"title":["Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Extra-Hepatic Cancers"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Claudia","family":"Sanna","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medical Sciences, A.O. Citt\u00e0 della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6518-7089","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chiara","family":"Rosso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medical Sciences, A.O. Citt\u00e0 della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3974-1538","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Milena","family":"Marietti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medical Sciences, A.O. Citt\u00e0 della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisabetta","family":"Bugianesi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medical Sciences, A.O. Citt\u00e0 della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2011.03.020","article-title":"Presence and severity of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in a large prospective primary care cohort","volume":"56","author":"Armstrong","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Younossi, Z.M., Koenig, A.B., Abdelatif, D., Fazel, Y., Henry, L., and Wymer, M. (2015). 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