{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T18:39:35Z","timestamp":1784918375343,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,17]],"date-time":"2016-05-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1463443200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The link between infection with high-risk human papillomavirus (hrHPV) and cervical cancer has been clearly demonstrated. Virological end-points showing the absence of persistent HPV infection are now accepted as a way of monitoring the impact of prophylactic vaccination programs and therapeutic vaccine trials. This study investigated the use of urine samples, which can be collected by self-sampling at home, instead of cervical samples for follow-up of an HPV intervention trial. Eighteen initially HPV DNA-positive women participating in an HPV therapeutic vaccine trial were monitored during a three-year follow-up period. A total of 172 urine samples and 85 cervical samples were collected. We obtained a paired urine sample for each of the 85 cervical samples by recovering urine samples from six monthly gynaecological examinations. We performed a small pilot study in which the participating women used a urine collection device at home and returned their urine sample to the laboratory by mail. All samples were analyzed using quantitative real-time HPV DNA PCR. A good association (\u03ba value of 0.65) was found between the presence of HPV DNA in urine and a subsequent cervical sample. Comparisons of the number of HPV DNA copies in urine and paired cervical samples revealed a significant Spearman rho of 0.676. This correlation was superior in women with severe lesions. The HPV DNA results of the small pilot study based on self-collected urine samples at home are consistent with previous and subsequent urine and\/or cervical results. We demonstrated that urine sampling may be a valid alternative to cervical samples for the follow-up of HPV intervention trials or programs. The potential clinical value of urine viral load monitoring should be further investigated.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms17050750","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,17]],"date-time":"2016-05-17T10:20:11Z","timestamp":1463480411000},"page":"750","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Long-Term Follow-up of HPV Infection Using Urine and Cervical Quantitative HPV DNA Testing"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0265-058X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alex","family":"Vorsters","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for the Evaluation of Vaccination, Vaccine &amp; Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Severien","family":"Van Keer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for the Evaluation of Vaccination, Vaccine &amp; Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samantha","family":"Biesmans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for the Evaluation of Vaccination, Vaccine &amp; Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annick","family":"Hens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for the Evaluation of Vaccination, Vaccine &amp; Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ilse","family":"De Coster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for the Evaluation of Vaccination, Vaccine &amp; Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Herman","family":"Goossens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, Vaccine &amp; Infectious Disease Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium"},{"name":"Clinical Microbiology, Antwerp University Hospital, 2650 Edegem, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Margareta","family":"Ieven","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, Vaccine &amp; Infectious Disease Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium"},{"name":"Clinical Microbiology, Antwerp University Hospital, 2650 Edegem, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pierre","family":"Van Damme","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for the Evaluation of Vaccination, Vaccine &amp; Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Human papillomaviruses and their possible role in squamous cell carcinomas","volume":"78","year":"1977","journal-title":"Curr. 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