{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T23:48:55Z","timestamp":1792799335024,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,20]],"date-time":"2016-05-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1463702400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001807","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de S\u00e3o Paulo","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2012\/21203-4"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2012\/21203-4"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001807","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) is increasingly being explored for treatment of periodontitis. Here, we investigated the effect of aPDT on human dental plaque bacteria in suspensions and biofilms in vitro using methylene blue (MB)-loaded poly(lactic-co-glycolic) (PLGA) nanoparticles (MB-NP) and red light at 660 nm. The effect of MB-NP-based aPDT was also evaluated in a clinical pilot study with 10 adult human subjects with chronic periodontitis. Dental plaque samples from human subjects were exposed to aPDT\u2014in planktonic and biofilm phases\u2014with MB or MB-NP (25 \u00b5g\/mL) at 20 J\/cm2 in vitro. Patients were treated either with ultrasonic scaling and scaling and root planing (US + SRP) or ultrasonic scaling + SRP + aPDT with MB-NP (25 \u00b5g\/mL and 20 J\/cm2) in a split-mouth design. In biofilms, MB-NP eliminated approximately 25% more bacteria than free MB. The clinical study demonstrated the safety of aPDT. Both groups showed similar improvements of clinical parameters one month following treatments. However, at three months ultrasonic SRP + aPDT showed a greater effect (28.82%) on gingival bleeding index (GBI) compared to ultrasonic SRP. The utilization of PLGA nanoparticles encapsulated with MB may be a promising adjunct in antimicrobial periodontal treatment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms17050769","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,21]],"date-time":"2016-05-21T19:24:37Z","timestamp":1463858677000},"page":"769","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":100,"title":["Polymeric Nanoparticle-Based Photodynamic Therapy for Chronic Periodontitis in Vivo"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8938-5984","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"De Freitas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculdade de Ciencias Farmaceuticas, UNESP\u2014Univ Estadual Paulista, Campus Araraquara, Departamento de An\u00e1lises Cl\u00ednicas, Araraquara, SP 14800-903, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1041-5835","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giovana","family":"Calixto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculdade de Ciencias Farmaceuticas, UNESP\u2014Univ Estadual Paulista, Campus Araraquara, Departamento de Farmacos e Medicamentos, Araraquara, SP 14800-903, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6698-0545","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marlus","family":"Chorilli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculdade de Ciencias Farmaceuticas, UNESP\u2014Univ Estadual Paulista, Campus Araraquara, Departamento de Farmacos e Medicamentos, Araraquara, SP 14800-903, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ju\u00e7a\u00edra","family":"Giusti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Fisica de Sao Carlos, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Caixa Postal 369, Sao Carlos, SP 15980-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vanderlei","family":"Bagnato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Fisica de Sao Carlos, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Caixa Postal 369, Sao Carlos, SP 15980-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nikolaos","family":"Soukos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Applied Molecular Photomedicine Laboratory, the Forsyth Institute, 245 First Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mansoor","family":"Amiji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of PharmaceuticalSciences, School of Pharmacy, Bouv\u00e9 College of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, 140 The Fenway, Room 156, 360 Huntington Avenue Boston, MA 02115, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9135-3690","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carla","family":"Fontana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculdade de Ciencias Farmaceuticas, UNESP\u2014Univ Estadual Paulista, Campus Araraquara, Departamento de An\u00e1lises Cl\u00ednicas, Araraquara, SP 14800-903, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2015.10.007","article-title":"Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy\u2014A discovery originating from the pre-antibiotic era in a novel periodontal therapy","volume":"12","author":"Zuzanna","year":"2015","journal-title":"Photodiagn. 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