{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T16:01:01Z","timestamp":1791475261169,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,27]],"date-time":"2016-05-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1464307200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Science and Technology","award":["MOST 104-2320-B-037-014-MY3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST 104-2320-B-037-014-MY3"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science and Technology","award":["MOST 104-2314-B-037-053-MY4"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST 104-2314-B-037-053-MY4"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science and Technology","award":["MOST 103-2320-B-037-006-MY3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST 103-2320-B-037-006-MY3"]}]},{"name":"Kaohsiung Medical University \u201cAim for the Top 500 Universities Grant\u201d","award":["KMU-DT105010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KMU-DT105010"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Dengue fever is a serious threat for public health and induces various inflammatory cytokines and mediators, including galectins and glycoproteins. Diverse immune responses and immunological pathways are induced in different phases of dengue fever progression. However, the status of serum galectins and glycoproteins is not fully determined. The aim of this study was to investigate the serum concentration and potential interaction of soluble galectin-1, galectin-3, galectin-9, galectin-3 binding protein (galectin-3BP), glycoprotein 130 (gp130), and E-, L-, and P-selectin in patients with dengue fever in acute febrile phase. In this study, 317 febrile patients (187 dengue patients, 150 non-dengue patients that included 48 patients with bacterial infection and 102 patients with other febrile illness) who presented to the emergency department and 20 healthy controls were enrolled. Our results showed the levels of galectin-9 and galectin-3BP were significantly higher in dengue patients than those in healthy controls. Lower serum levels of galectin-1, galectin-3, and E-, L-, and P-selectin in dengue patients were detected compared to bacteria-infected patients, but not to healthy controls. In addition, strong correlation between galectin-9 and galectin-3BP was observed in dengue patients. In summary, our study suggested galectin-9 and galectin-3BP might be critical inflammatory mediators in acute dengue virus infection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms17060832","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,27]],"date-time":"2016-05-27T10:25:03Z","timestamp":1464344703000},"page":"832","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Serum Galectin-9 and Galectin-3-Binding Protein in Acute Dengue Virus Infection"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1355-5019","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kuan-Ting","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan"},{"name":"School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yao-Hua","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8667-4844","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yen-Hsu","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan"},{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Biological Science and Technology, College of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5640-4969","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chun-Yu","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan"},{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chung-Hao","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan"},{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3915-4114","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Meng-Chi","family":"Yen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2487-2818","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Po-Lin","family":"Kuo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan"},{"name":"Institute of Medical Science and Technology, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S7","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2460","article-title":"Dengue: A continuing global threat","volume":"8","author":"Guzman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2012). Global Strategy for Dengue Prevention and Control, World Health Organization Press."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)60572-9","article-title":"Dengue","volume":"385","author":"Guzman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.15-0422","article-title":"Severe dengue fever outbreak in Taiwan","volume":"94","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Taiwan national infectious disease statistics system (2016). Taipei (Taiwan): Taiwan Centers for Disease Control, Available online: http:\/\/nidss.cdc.gov.tw\/en\/."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e46","DOI":"10.1038\/emi.2015.46","article-title":"Large dengue virus type 1 outbreak in Taiwan","volume":"4","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Emerg. Microbes Infect."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0959-9673.2005.00445.x","article-title":"Dengue virus inoculation to human skin explants: An effective approach to assess in situ the early infection and the effects on cutaneous dendritic cells","volume":"86","author":"Vaughan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Exp. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1411","DOI":"10.1086\/383043","article-title":"Localization of dengue virus in naturally infected human tissues, by immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization","volume":"189","author":"Jessie","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0037-1612941","article-title":"The role of cytokines in activation of coagulation and fibrinolysis in dengue shock syndrome","volume":"87","author":"Suharti","year":"2002","journal-title":"Thromb. Haemostasis."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bozza, F.A., Cruz, O.G., Zagne, S.M., Azeredo, E.L., Nogueira, R.M., Assis, E.F., Bozza, P.T., and Kubelka, C.F. (2008). Multiplex cytokine profile from dengue patients: MIP-1\u03b2 and IFN-\u03b3 as predictive factors for severity. BMC Infect. Dis., 8.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-8-86"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.68.2.702-707.2000","article-title":"Inflammatory mediators in dengue virus infection in children: Interleukin-8 and its relationship to neutrophil degranulation","volume":"68","author":"Juffrie","year":"2000","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2006.74.142","article-title":"Correlation of serum levels of macrophage migration inhibitory factor with disease severity and clinical outcome in dengue patients","volume":"74","author":"Chen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arcmed.2005.04.007","article-title":"Innate immune responses to dengue virus","volume":"36","author":"Despres","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmb.2013.11.023","article-title":"Innate immunity to dengue virus infection and subversion of antiviral responses","volume":"426","author":"Green","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2012.00199","article-title":"Galectins as self\/non-self recognition receptors in innate and adaptive immunity: An unresolved paradox","volume":"3","author":"Vasta","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2013.10.022","article-title":"Galectin-9 plasma levels reflect adverse hematological and immunological features in acute dengue virus infection","volume":"58","author":"Ndhlovu","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clin. Virol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Toledo, K.A., Fermino, M.L., Andrade, C.D., Riul, T.B., Alves, R.T., Muller, V.D.M., Russo, R.R., Stowell, S.R., Cummings, R.D., and Aquino, V.H. (2014). Galectin-1 exerts inhibitory effects during DENV-1 infection. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0112474"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.2007","article-title":"Plasma concentrations of sVCAM-1 and severity of dengue infections","volume":"65","author":"Murgue","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2008.03673.x","article-title":"Differential patterns of endothelial and leucocyte activation in \u201ctyphus-like\u201d illnesses in laos and thailand","volume":"153","author":"Paris","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.4161\/viru.24530","article-title":"Biomarkers of endothelial activation\/dysfunction in infectious diseases","volume":"4","author":"Page","year":"2013","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Trung, D.T., Thao le, T.T., Dung, N.M., Ngoc, T.V., Hien, T.T., Chau, N.V., Wolbers, M., Tam, D.T., Farrar, J., and Simmons, C. (2012). Clinical features of dengue in a large vietnamese cohort: Intrinsically lower platelet counts and greater risk for bleeding in adults than children. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001679"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1423","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1110265","article-title":"Dengue","volume":"366","author":"Simmons","year":"2012","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0b013e31806215e3","article-title":"Procalcitonin and c-reactive protein as diagnostic markers of severe bacterial infections in febrile infants and children in the emergency department","volume":"26","author":"Andreola","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.81.5.417","article-title":"Diagnostic markers of infection: Comparison of procalcitonin with C reactive protein and leucocyte count","volume":"81","author":"Hatherill","year":"1999","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1086\/514047","article-title":"Early clinical and laboratory indicators of acute dengue illness","volume":"176","author":"Kalayanarooj","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1328","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2008.02151.x","article-title":"Clinical and laboratory features that distinguish dengue from other febrile illnesses in endemic populations","volume":"13","author":"Potts","year":"2008","journal-title":"Trop. Med. Int. Health"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6804","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.69.11.6804-6812.2001","article-title":"Regulated expression and effect of galectin-1 on trypanosoma cruzi-infected macrophages: Modulation of microbicidal activity and survival","volume":"69","author":"Zuniga","year":"2001","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1376","DOI":"10.12659\/MSM.894035","article-title":"Serum galectin-3 levels in children with chronic hepatitis B infection and inactive hepatitis B carriers","volume":"21","author":"Uluca","year":"2015","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Monit."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Park, A.M., Hagiwara, S., Hsu, D.K., Liu, F.T., and Yoshie, O. (2016). Galectin-3 plays an important role in innate immunity against gastric infection of Helicobactor pylori. Infect. Immun., 84.","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01299-15"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2781","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.181.4.2781","article-title":"Galectin-3 is a negative regulator of lipopolysaccharide-mediated inflammation","volume":"181","author":"Li","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4192","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2011-11-389585","article-title":"Galectin-9 binding to Tim-3 renders activated human CD4+ T cells less susceptible to HIV-1 infection","volume":"119","author":"Elahi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1002\/rmv.1832","article-title":"The bitter side of sweet: The role of galectin-9 in immunopathogenesis of viral infections","volume":"25","author":"Merani","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rev. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1086\/512162","article-title":"Patterns of host genome-wide gene transcript abundance in the peripheral blood of patients with acute dengue hemorrhagic fever","volume":"195","author":"Simmons","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1515\/CCLM.2000.029","article-title":"Serum protein 90K\/Mac-2BP is an independent predictor of disease severity during hepatitis C virus infection","volume":"38","author":"Kittl","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin. Chem. Lab. Med."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2356","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.066837-0","article-title":"Acute hantavirus infection induces galectin-3-binding protein","volume":"95","author":"Hepojoki","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01694-06","article-title":"Trail is a novel antiviral protein against dengue virus","volume":"82","author":"Warke","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1605","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.2008\/000968-0","article-title":"Efficient dengue virus (DENV) infection of human muscle satellite cells upregulates type I interferon response genes and differentially modulates MHC I expression on bystander and denv-infected cells","volume":"89","author":"Warke","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9685","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.5b04744","article-title":"Galectin-3 binding protein and galectin-1 interaction in breast cancer cell aggregation and metastasis","volume":"137","author":"Lin","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shirure, V.S., Reynolds, N.M., and Burdick, M.M. (2012). Mac-2 binding protein is a novel E-selectin ligand expressed by breast cancer cells. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0044529"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11822","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.77.21.11822-11832.2003","article-title":"Dengue virus induces novel changes in gene expression of human umbilical vein endothelial cells","volume":"77","author":"Warke","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"15238","article-title":"Accuracy of serum interleukin (IL)-6 in sepsis diagnosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"8","author":"Hou","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.14218\/JCTH.2015.00024","article-title":"IL-6 plays a crucial role in HBV infection","volume":"3","author":"Lan","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clin. Transl. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humimm.2006.02.025","article-title":"Serum levels of interleukin-6 and its soluble receptors in patients with hepatitis c virus infection","volume":"67","author":"Migita","year":"2006","journal-title":"Hum. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.20007","article-title":"Elevation of soluble VCAM-1 plasma levels in children with acute dengue virus infection of varying severity","volume":"72","author":"Koraka","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.7883\/yoken.JJID.2006.186","article-title":"Serum levels of siCAM-1 and sE-selectin in patients with dengue virus infection","volume":"59","author":"Khongphatthanayothin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Infect. Dis."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/17\/6\/832\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T19:24:36Z","timestamp":1760210676000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/17\/6\/832"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,27]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,6]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms17060832"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms17060832","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,27]]}}}