{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,4]],"date-time":"2026-11-04T13:36:39Z","timestamp":1793799399772,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,1]],"date-time":"2016-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1464739200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Acute osteomyelitis and septic arthritis are two infections whose frequencies are increasing in pediatric patients. Acute osteomyelitis and septic arthritis need to be carefully assessed, diagnosed, and treated to avoid devastating sequelae. Traditionally, the treatment of acute osteoarticular infection in pediatrics was based on prolonged intravenous anti-infective therapy. However, results from clinical trials have suggested that in uncomplicated cases, a short course of a few days of parenteral antibiotics followed by oral therapy is safe and effective. The aim of this review is to provide clinicians an update on recent controversies and advances regarding the management of acute osteomyelitis and septic arthritis in children. In recent years, the emergence of bacterial species resistant to commonly used antibiotics that are particularly aggressive highlights the necessity for further research to optimize treatment approaches and to develop new molecules able to fight the war against acute osteoarticular infection in pediatric patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms17060855","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,1]],"date-time":"2016-06-01T19:22:34Z","timestamp":1464808954000},"page":"855","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":150,"title":["Update on the Management of Pediatric Acute Osteomyelitis and Septic Arthritis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Luca","family":"Castellazzi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Highly Intensive Care Unit, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano, Fondazione IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7324-1217","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Mantero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Respiratory Unit, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano, Fondazione IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4103-2837","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susanna","family":"Esposito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Highly Intensive Care Unit, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano, Fondazione IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1111\/jpc.12251","article-title":"Systematic review of duration and choice of systemic antibiotic therapy for acute haematogenous bacterial osteomyelitis in children","volume":"49","author":"Isaacs","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Paediatr. Child Health"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"e120","article-title":"Paediatric bone and joint infections are more common in boys and toddlers: A national epidemiology study","volume":"102","author":"Baron","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1125","DOI":"10.1586\/eri.11.140","article-title":"Simplifying the treatment of acute bacterial bone and joint infections in children","volume":"9","author":"Peltola","year":"2011","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Anti. Infect. Ther."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2885","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000002885","article-title":"A retrospective case-series of children with bone and joint infection from Northern Australia","volume":"95","author":"Brischetto","year":"2016","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltim.)"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0000000000001031","article-title":"Predictors of outcome in pediatric osteomyelitis: Five years experience in a single tertiary Center","volume":"35","author":"Martin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idc.2015.05.012","article-title":"Osteoarticular infections in children","volume":"29","author":"Arnold","year":"2015","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1097\/01.JAA.0000462053.55506.2c","article-title":"Managing musculoskeletal infections in children in the era of increasing bacterial resistance","volume":"28","author":"Godley","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAAPA"},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"23","article-title":"Acute pediatric septic arthritis: A systematic review of literature and current controversies","volume":"79","author":"Tanwar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pol. Orthop. Traumatol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1263","DOI":"10.1586\/14787210.2013.858600","article-title":"Recent advances in experimental models of osteomyelitis","volume":"11","author":"Cassat","year":"2013","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Antinfect. Ther."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2011-301089","article-title":"Managing bone and joint infection in children","volume":"97","author":"Faust","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1007\/s11908-011-0202-z","article-title":"Advances in the diagnosis and management of pediatric osteomyelitis","volume":"13","author":"Thomsen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr. Infect. Dis. Rep."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1420","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2015.07.011","article-title":"Pediatric acute osteomyelitis in the postvaccine, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus era","volume":"33","author":"Ratnayake","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1016\/j.berh.2011.02.001","article-title":"Septic arthritis","volume":"25","author":"Balsa","year":"2011","journal-title":"Best Pract. Res. Clin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2005.02.005","article-title":"Bone and joint infections in children","volume":"52","author":"Gutierrez","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pediatr. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Principi, N., and Esposito, S. (2015). Kingella kingae infections in children. BMC Infect. Dis., 15.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-015-0986-9"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms17040539","article-title":"Infectious discitis and spondylodiscitis in children","volume":"17","author":"Principi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2015.10.025","article-title":"Outbreaks of invasive Kingella kingae infections in closed communities","volume":"169","author":"Yagupsky","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1097\/BPO\/0b013e3181558981","article-title":"What would pediatric infectious disease consultants recommend for management of culture-negative acute hematogenous osteomyelitis?","volume":"27","author":"Afghani","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1586\/eri.09.130","article-title":"Management of acute hematogenous osteomyelitis in children","volume":"8","author":"Harik","year":"2010","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Antinfect. Ther."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2011.03643.x","article-title":"OM-SA Study Group. Clindamycin vs. first-generation cephalosporins for acute osteoarticular infections of childhood\u2014A prospective quasi-randomized controlled trial","volume":"18","author":"Peltola","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Agarwal, A., and Aggarwal, A.N. (2015). Bone and joint infections in children: Septic arthritis. Indian J. Pediatr., 1\u20139."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Agarwal, A., and Aggarwal, A.N. (2015). Bone and joint infections in children: Acute hematogenous osteomyelitis. Indian J. Pediatr., 1\u20138.","DOI":"10.1007\/s12098-015-1806-3"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e18","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciq146","article-title":"Clinical practice guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America for the treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections in adults and children","volume":"52","author":"Liu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0b013e31816fc34c","article-title":"Empiric antibiotic therapy for acute osteoarticular infections with suspected methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus or Kingella","volume":"27","author":"Saphyakhajon","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dku453","article-title":"Daptomycin in paediatrics: Current knowledge and the need for future research","volume":"70","author":"Principi","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0b013e3181826e5e","article-title":"Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole or clindamycin for treatment of community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus skin and soft tissue infections","volume":"28","author":"Hyun","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0b013e31822db658","article-title":"Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole therapy for children with acute osteomyelitis","volume":"30","author":"Messina","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0b013e318255ff8d","article-title":"Role of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole for treatment of acute osteomyelitis in children","volume":"31","author":"Pezone","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0b013e31824f18cb","article-title":"The role of Panton-Valentine leukocidin in Staphylococcus aureus musculoskeletal infections in children","volume":"31","author":"Ritz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2007.01713.x","article-title":"Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus producing Panton-Valentine leukocidin as a cause of acute osteomyelitis in children","volume":"13","author":"Sdougkos","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1042","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0b013e318133a85e","article-title":"Pediatric bone and joint infections caused by Panton-Valentine leukocidin-positive Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"26","author":"Dohin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1097\/BPB.0000000000000021","article-title":"Panton-Valentine leukocidin-positive Staphylococcus aureus osteomyelitis of the tibia in a 10-year-old child","volume":"23","author":"Elledge","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1097\/01.bpo.0000242431.91489.b4","article-title":"Changing patterns of acute hematogenous osteomyelitis and septic arthritis: Emergence of community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"26","author":"Arnold","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1097\/MOP.0b013e32835c2b42","article-title":"Osteomyelitis and septic arthritis in children: Current concepts","volume":"25","author":"Dodwell","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2005-0566","article-title":"Panton-Valentine leukocidin genes are associated with enhanced inflammatory response and local disease in acute hematogenous Staphylococcus aureus osteomyelitis in children","volume":"117","author":"Bocchini","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2006.03.007","article-title":"Severe osteoarticular infection associated with Panton-Valentine leukocidin-producing Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"56","author":"Moumile","year":"2006","journal-title":"Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otsr.2014.07.029","article-title":"Sequelae of pediatric osteoarticular infection","volume":"101","author":"Ilharreborde","year":"2015","journal-title":"Orthop. Traumatol. Surg. Res."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"w13971","article-title":"Osteoarticular infections in young children: What has changed over the last years?","volume":"144","author":"Ceroni","year":"2014","journal-title":"Swiss Med. Wkly."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijscr.2012.03.014","article-title":"Successful use of daptomycin in Panton-Valentine leucocidin positive Staphylococcus aureus paediatric osteomyelitis","volume":"3","author":"Erturan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Surg. Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/S0163-4453(97)92452-X","article-title":"Salmonella osteomyelitis in sickle cell disease children in the east end of London","volume":"34","author":"Atkins","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Infect."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1007\/s00264-006-0169-9","article-title":"Septic arthritis in Western and sub-Saharan African children\u2014A review","volume":"31","author":"Lavy","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1007\/s00264-005-0643-9","article-title":"The incidence of septic arthritis in Malawian children","volume":"29","author":"Lavy","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1213956","article-title":"Acute osteomyelitis in children","volume":"370","author":"Peltola","year":"2014","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1097\/BPO.0000000000000237","article-title":"Pediatric osteoarticular infection update","volume":"35","author":"Montgomery","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1186\/2046-4053-2-92","article-title":"Parenteral and oral antibiotic duration for treatment of pediatric osteomyelitis: A systematic review protocol","volume":"2","author":"Grimbly","year":"2013","journal-title":"Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1542\/hpeds.2013-0035","article-title":"Route and length of therapy of acute uncomplicated hematogenous osteomyelitis: Do we have the answers yet?","volume":"4","author":"Majewski","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hosp. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0b013e31828e1721","article-title":"Treatment of acute septic arthritis","volume":"32","author":"Peltola","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0b013e3181f55a89","article-title":"Osteomyelitis-Septic Arthritis Study Group. Short- versus long-term antimicrobial treatment for acute hematogenous osteomyelitis of childhood: Prospective, randomized trial on 131 culture-positive cases","volume":"29","author":"Peltola","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1097\/BPO.0b013e3181ab472d","article-title":"Prospective evaluation of a shortened regimen of treatment for acute osteomyelitis and septic arthritis in children","volume":"29","author":"Jagodzinski","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2011-300462","article-title":"Management of a child with suspected acute septic arthritis","volume":"97","author":"Peltola","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2011.04.007","article-title":"Antibiotic treatment for acute haematogenous osteomyelitis of childhood: Moving towards shorter courses and oral administration","volume":"38","author":"Peltola","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1097\/BPO.0b013e3181b2b860","article-title":"A comparison of early versus late conversion from intravenous to oral therapy in the treatment of septic arthritis","volume":"29","author":"Ballock","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1201","DOI":"10.1086\/597582","article-title":"Osteomyelitis-Septic Arthritis (OM-SA) Study Group. Prospective, randomized trial of 10 days versus 30 days of antimicrobial treatment, including a short-term course of parenteral therapy, for childhood septic arthritis","volume":"48","author":"Peltola","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2014.2822","article-title":"Comparative effectiveness of intravenous vs oral antibiotics for postdischarge treatment of acute osteomyelitis in children","volume":"169","author":"Keren","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"208","article-title":"Intravenous versus oral outpatient antibiotic therapy for pediatric acute osteomyelitis","volume":"33","author":"Liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Iowa Orthop. J."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1097\/BPO.0000000000000427","article-title":"The use of C-reactive protein as a guide for transitioning to oral antibiotics in pediatric osteoarticular infections","volume":"36","author":"Chou","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jfas.2015.01.006","article-title":"Antibiotic treatment and surgery for acute hematogenous calcaneal osteomyelitis of childhood","volume":"54","author":"Kallio","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Foot Ankle Surg."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e821","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2012-0220","article-title":"Acute bacterial osteoarticular infections: Eight-year analysis of C-reactive protein for oral step-down therapy","volume":"130","author":"Arnold","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1754.2010.01831.x","article-title":"Systematic review of systemic antibiotic treatment for children with chronic and sub-acute pyogenic osteomyelitis","volume":"46","author":"Isaacs","year":"2010","journal-title":"Paediatr. Child Health"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1097\/01.inf.0000091293.32187.7b","article-title":"Double blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study of dexamethasone therapy for hematogenous septic arthritis in children","volume":"22","author":"Odio","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1097\/BPO.0b013e3182092869","article-title":"Dexamethasone therapy for septic arthritis in children: Results of a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study","volume":"31","author":"Harel","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e776","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2014-4025","article-title":"Dexamethasone therapy for septic arthritis in children","volume":"136","author":"Fogel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Farrow, L. (2015). A systematic review and meta-analysis regarding the use of corticosteroids in septic arthritis. BMC Musculoskelet. Disord., 16.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-015-0702-3"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1517\/14656566.2011.543676","article-title":"Treatment of prosthetic osteoarticular infections","volume":"12","author":"Esteban","year":"2011","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1634","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.22114","article-title":"Bacterial adherence to separated modular components in joint prosthesis: A clinical study","volume":"30","author":"Esteban","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Res."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2874","DOI":"10.1007\/s11999-015-4300-3","article-title":"Rifamycin derivatives are effective against Staphylococcal biofilms in vitro and elutable from PMMA","volume":"473","author":"Sanchez","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2014.03.012","article-title":"Photodynamic antibacterial and antibiofilm activity of RLP068\/Cl against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa forming biofilms on prosthetic material","volume":"44","author":"Vassena","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"ref_68","unstructured":"Thompson, R.M., and Gourineni, P. (2015). Arthroscopic treatment of septic arthritis in very young children. J. Pediatr. Orthop."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/17\/6\/855\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T19:24:51Z","timestamp":1760210691000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/17\/6\/855"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,1]]},"references-count":68,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,6]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms17060855"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms17060855","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,1]]}}}