{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:46:37Z","timestamp":1787028397335,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":105,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,14]],"date-time":"2016-06-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1465862400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Intestinal dysbiosis is thought to be an important cause of disease progression and the gastrointestinal symptoms experienced in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Inflammation appears to be a major contributor in perpetuating a dysregulated gut microbiota. Although current drug therapies can significantly induce and maintain disease remission, there is no cure for these diseases. Nevertheless, ongoing human studies investigating dietary fibre interventions may potentially prove to exert beneficial outcomes for IBD. Postulated mechanisms include direct interactions with the gut mucosa through immunomodulation, or indirectly through the microbiome. Component species of the microbiome may degrade dietary-fibre polysaccharides and ferment the products to form short-chain fatty acids such as butyrate. Prebiotic dietary fibres may also act more directly by altering the composition of the microbiome. Longer term benefits in reducing the risk of more aggressive disease or colorectal cancer may require other dietary fibre sources such as wheat bran or psyllium. By critically examining clinical trials that have used dietary fibre supplements or dietary patterns containing specific types or amounts of dietary fibres, it may be possible to assess whether varying the intake of specific dietary fibres may offer an efficient treatment for IBD patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms17060919","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,14]],"date-time":"2016-06-14T11:12:12Z","timestamp":1465902732000},"page":"919","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":98,"title":["Potential Benefits of Dietary Fibre Intervention in Inflammatory Bowel Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Celestine","family":"Wong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1807-8079","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Philip","family":"Harris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0107-4741","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lynnette","family":"Ferguson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand"},{"name":"Discipline of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2012-304066","article-title":"Functional Bowel Symptoms in Quiescent Inflammatory Bowel Diseases: Role of Epithelial Barrier Disruption and Low-Grade Inflammation","volume":"63","author":"Bzioueche","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2010.232025","article-title":"Randomised, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial of Fructo-Oligosaccharides in Active Crohn\u2019s Disease","volume":"60","author":"Benjamin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2015.04.018","article-title":"What is Known about the Mechanisms of Dietary Influences in Crohn\u2019s Disease?","volume":"31","author":"Chan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1097\/SGA.0000000000000047","article-title":"A High-Fiber Diet may Improve Bowel Function and Health-Related Quality of Life in Patients with Crohn\u2019s Disease","volume":"37","author":"Brotherton","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gastroenterol. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)00465-1","article-title":"Inherited Determinants of Crohn\u2019s Disease and Ulcerative Colitis Phenotypes: A Genetic Association Study","volume":"387","author":"Cleynen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1641","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)60751-X","article-title":"Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Clinical Aspects and Established and Evolving Therapies","volume":"369","author":"Baumgart","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"233","article-title":"Inflammatory Bowel Disease","volume":"34","author":"Gibson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Aust. Fam. Phys."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2014.11.022","article-title":"The Changing Epidemiology of Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Identifying New High-Risk Populations","volume":"13","author":"Korzenik","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11582","article-title":"Host\u2013Microbe Interactions have Shaped the Genetic Architecture of Inflammatory Bowel Disease","volume":"491","author":"Jostins","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2015.00467","article-title":"Nutritional Modulation of Gene Expression: Might This be of Benefit to Individuals with Crohn\u2019s Disease?","volume":"6","author":"Ferguson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"1","article-title":"Inflammatory Bowel Disease","volume":"9","author":"Dave","year":"2009","journal-title":"Point Inst. Stand."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trsl.2011.09.001","article-title":"Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Role of Diet, Microbiota, Life Style","volume":"160","author":"Neuman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Transl. Res."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1442","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v16.i12.1442","article-title":"Role of Diet in the Management of Inflammatory Bowel Disease","volume":"16","author":"Rajendran","year":"2010","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclnm.2009.06.009","article-title":"Basics in Clinical Nutrition: Nutritional Support in Inflammatory Bowel Disease","volume":"5","author":"Lochs","year":"2010","journal-title":"eSPEN Eur. e-J. Clin. Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dld.2011.10.001","article-title":"Diet and Risk of Inflammatory Bowel Disease","volume":"44","author":"Andersen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Dig. Liver Dis."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.201100630","article-title":"Role of Nutrition and Microbiota in Susceptibility to Inflammatory Bowel Diseases","volume":"56","author":"Gentschew","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cofs.2015.05.011","article-title":"Metagenomics of the Human Intestinal Tract: From Who Is There to What Is Done There","volume":"4","author":"Cultrone","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Farooqui, A.A. (2015). High Calorie Diet and the Human Brain, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-15254-7"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1024","DOI":"10.1111\/cmi.12308","article-title":"Defining dysbiosis and its influence on host immunity and disease","volume":"16","author":"Petersen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"1","article-title":"Eubiosis and Dysbiosis: The Two Sides of the Microbiota","volume":"39","author":"Iebba","year":"2016","journal-title":"New Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e30","DOI":"10.1038\/ctg.2012.24","article-title":"Metabolic Profiling of the Impact of Oligofructose-Enriched Inulin in Crohn\u2019s Disease Patients: A Double-Blinded Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"4","author":"Joossens","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Transl. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"1370","article-title":"The Impact of Dietary Interventions on the Symptoms of Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Systematic Review","volume":"8","author":"Charlebois","year":"2015","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrfmmm.2010.01.020","article-title":"Dietary Factors in Chronic Inflammation: Food Tolerances and Intolerances of a New Zealand Caucasian Crohn\u2019s Disease Population","volume":"690","author":"Triggs","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mutat. Res."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"70","article-title":"Food Intolerance: Associations with the rs12212067 Polymorphism of FOXO3 in Crohn\u2019s Disease Patients in New Zealand","volume":"8","author":"Marlow","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Nutrigenet. Nutrigenom."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.4251\/wjgo.v6.i2.41","article-title":"Mechanisms Linking Dietary Fiber, Gut Microbiota and Colon Cancer Prevention","volume":"6","author":"Zeng","year":"2014","journal-title":"World J. Gastrointest. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1753-4887.2010.00358.x","article-title":"Dietary Fiber Type Reflects Physiological Functionality: Comparison of Grain Fiber, Inulin, and Polydextrose","volume":"69","author":"Raninen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nutr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Watson, R., Preedy, V., and Zibadi, S. (2014). Wheat and Rice in Disease Prevention and Health: Benefits, Risks, and Mechanisms of Whole Grains in Health Promotion, Academic Press."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/S1383-5742(99)00013-7","article-title":"Dietary Fibres may Protect or Enhance Carcinogenesis","volume":"443","author":"Harris","year":"1999","journal-title":"Mutat. Res. Genet. Toxicol. Environ. Mutagen."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1487","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)13219-9","article-title":"The Dietary Fibre Debate: More Food for Thought","volume":"361","author":"Ferguson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.2.6193.764","article-title":"Treatment of Crohn\u2019s Disease with an Unrefined-Carbohydrate, Fibre-Rich Diet","volume":"2","author":"Heaton","year":"1979","journal-title":"Br. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1071","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.25.10.1071","article-title":"Comparison between the Bacterial and Oligosaccharide Content of Ileostomy Effluent in Subjects Taking Diets Rich in Refined Or Unrefined Carbohydrate","volume":"25","author":"Berghouse","year":"1984","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(85)91497-7","article-title":"Crohn\u2019s Disease: Maintenance of Remission by Diet","volume":"326","author":"Jones","year":"1985","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.3109\/00365529108998594","article-title":"Ispaghula Husk may Relieve Gastrointestinal Symptoms in Ulcerative Colitis in Remission","volume":"26","author":"Hallert","year":"1991","journal-title":"Scand. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1225","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2036.1998.00432.x","article-title":"Treatment of Ulcerative Colitis with Germinated Barley Foodstuff Feeding: A Pilot Study","volume":"12","author":"Mitsuyama","year":"1998","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2015.05.039","article-title":"ASGE Technology Committee Reviews on Real-Time Endoscopic Assessment of the Histology of Diminutive Colorectal Polyps, and High-Definition and High-Magnification Endoscopes","volume":"82","author":"Basford","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gastrointest. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03326417","article-title":"Treatment of Ulcerative Colitis by Feeding with Germinated Barley Foodstuff: First Report of a Multicenter Open Control Trial","volume":"37","author":"Kanauchi","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1097\/00054725-200303000-00005","article-title":"Increasing Fecal Butyrate in Ulcerative Colitis Patients by Diet: Controlled Pilot Study","volume":"9","author":"Hallert","year":"2003","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2014.08.003","article-title":"Converging Goals of Treatment of Inflammatory Bowel Disease from Clinical Trials and Practice","volume":"148","author":"Levesque","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/389548","article-title":"Biomarkers as Potential Treatment Targets in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Systematic Review","volume":"29","author":"Murdoch","year":"2015","journal-title":"Can. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2005.074971","article-title":"Clinical, Microbiological, and Immunological Effects of Fructo-Oligosaccharide in Patients with Crohn\u2019s Disease","volume":"55","author":"Lindsay","year":"2006","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2484","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v16.i20.2484","article-title":"Lifestyle-Related Disease in Crohn\u2019s Disease: Relapse Prevention by a Semi-Vegetarian Diet","volume":"16","author":"Chiba","year":"2010","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2007.03288.x","article-title":"Oral Oligofructose-enriched Inulin Supplementation in Acute Ulcerative Colitis is Well Tolerated and Associated with Lowered Faecal Calprotectin","volume":"25","author":"Casellas","year":"2007","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2014-307198","article-title":"Abnormal Fibre Usage in UC in Remission","volume":"64","author":"James","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"Alimentarius Commission (2010). Guidelines on Nutrition Labelling CAC\/GL 2-1985 as Last Amended 2010, Secretariat of the Codex Alimentarius Commission, FAO. Joint FAO\/WHO Food Standards Programme."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1093\/jaoac\/93.1.221","article-title":"Determination of Total Dietary Fiber (CODEX Definition) by Enzymatic-Gravimetric Method and Liquid Chromatography: Collaborative Study","volume":"93","author":"McCleary","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. AOAC Int."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"824","DOI":"10.5740\/jaoacint.CS2011_25","article-title":"Determination of Insoluble, Soluble, and Total Dietary Fiber (CODEX Definition) by Enzymatic-Gravimetric Method and Liquid Chromatography: Collaborative Study","volume":"95","author":"McCleary","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. AOAC Int."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Knasm\u00fcller, S., DeMarini, D.M., Johnson, I., and Gerh\u00e4user, C. (2009). Chemoprevention of Cancer and DNA Damage by Dietary Factors, Wiley-VCH Verlag.","DOI":"10.1002\/9783527626588"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Knasm\u00fcller, S., DeMarini, D.M., Johnson, I., and Gerh\u00e4user, C. (2009). Chemoprevention of Cancer and DNA Damage by Dietary Factors, Wiley-VCH Verlag.","DOI":"10.1002\/9783527626588"},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"Singh, J., and Kaur, L. (2009). Advances in Potato Chemistry and Technology, Academic Press."},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"Ralph, J., Brunow, G., and Boerjan, W. (2007). Encyclopedia of Life Sciences, John Wiley & Sons."},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"Harris, P.J., and Fincher, G.B. (2009). Chemisty, Biochemistry, and Biology of the (1,3)-\u03b2-d-Glucans and Related Polysaccharides, Academic Press."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1271\/bbb.61.29","article-title":"Protein, and Dietary Fiber-Rich New Foodstuff from Brewer\u2019s Spent Grain Increased Excretion of Feces and Jejunum Mucosal Protein Content in Rats","volume":"61","author":"Kanauchi","year":"1997","journal-title":"Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcs.2005.06.001","article-title":"Brewers\u2019 Spent Grain: Generation, Characteristics and Potential Applications","volume":"43","author":"Mussatto","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Cereal Sci."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2009","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carres.2004.05.023","article-title":"The Gel-Forming Polysaccharide of Psyllium Husk (Plantago ovata Forsk)","volume":"339","author":"Fischer","year":"2004","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Res."},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"S33","article-title":"Classification and Measurement of Nutritionally Important Starch Fractions","volume":"46","author":"Englyst","year":"1992","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1753-4887.1991.tb03021.x","article-title":"Soluble Fiber Polysaccharides: Effects on Plasma Cholesterol and Colonic Fermentation","volume":"49","author":"Topping","year":"1991","journal-title":"Nutr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2891-13-34","article-title":"CODEX-Aligned Dietary Fiber Definitions Help to Bridge the \u2018fiber Gap\u2019","volume":"13","author":"Jones","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nutr. J."},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"247","article-title":"Multifunctional Fructans and Raffinose Family Oligosaccharides","volume":"4","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front. Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2493S","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/137.11.2493S","article-title":"Inulin-Type Fructans: Functional Food Ingredients","volume":"137","author":"Roberfroid","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1111\/1541-4337.12119","article-title":"Significance of Inulin Fructans in the Human Diet","volume":"14","author":"Schaafsma","year":"2015","journal-title":"Compr. Rev. Food Sci. Food Saf."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1746.2009.06149.x","article-title":"Evidence-based Dietary Management of Functional Gastrointestinal Symptoms: The FODMAP Approach","volume":"25","author":"Gibson","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_62","first-page":"26191","article-title":"Dysbiosis of the Gut Microbiota in Disease. Microb","volume":"26","author":"Carding","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ecol. Health Dis."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1007\/s11938-014-0042-7","article-title":"Therapeutic Manipulation of the Microbiome in IBD: Current Results and Future Approaches","volume":"13","author":"Hansen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Treat. Opt. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2015.00058","article-title":"Discovering Probiotic Microorganisms: In Vitro, in Vivo, Genetic and Omics Approaches","volume":"6","author":"Papadimitriou","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1079\/PNS19960087","article-title":"Fermentation of Non-Digestible Oligosaccharides by Human Colonic Bacteria","volume":"55","author":"Gibson","year":"1996","journal-title":"Proc. Nutr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2015.47","article-title":"Towards a More Comprehensive Concept for Prebiotics","volume":"12","author":"Bindels","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1286","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/66.5.1286","article-title":"Bacterial Fermentation of Fructooligosaccharides and Resistant Starch in Patients with an Ileal Pouch-Anal Anastomosis","volume":"66","author":"Alles","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6941.2010.01008.x","article-title":"High-Throughput Method for Comparative Analysis of Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis Profiles from Human Fecal Samples Reveals Significant Increases in Two Bifidobacterial Species After Inulin-Type Prebiotic Intake","volume":"75","author":"Joossens","year":"2011","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"958","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2011-300413","article-title":"Effect of Oligofructose-Enriched Inulin (OF-IN) on Bacterial Composition and Disease Activity of Patients with Crohn\u2019s Disease: Results from a Double-Blinded Randomised Controlled Trial","volume":"61","author":"Joossens","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1024","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjv136","article-title":"Dietary Intake of Inulin-Type Fructans in Active and Inactive Crohn\u2019s Disease and Healthy Controls: A Case-Control Study","volume":"9","author":"Anderson","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.1999.872_a.x","article-title":"Randomized Clinical Trial of Plantago ovata Seeds (Dietary Fiber) as Compared with Mesalamine in Maintaining Remission in Ulcerative Colitis","volume":"94","author":"Hinojosa","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.5217\/ir.2016.14.1.50","article-title":"Efficacy and Safety of Two pH-Dependent-Release Mesalamine Doses in Moderately Active Ulcerative Colitis: A Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Blind, Parallel-Group Study","volume":"14","author":"Suzuki","year":"2016","journal-title":"Intest. Res."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.3109\/00365519209115515","article-title":"Long-Term Double-Blind Study on the Influence of Dietary Fibres on Faecal Bile Acid Excretion in Juvenile Ulcerative Colitis","volume":"52","author":"Ejderhamn","year":"1992","journal-title":"Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Investig."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-food-030212-182554","article-title":"Impact of Diet on Human Intestinal Microbiota and Health","volume":"5","author":"Salonen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1097\/SGA.0b013e3182a67a9a","article-title":"Dietary Fiber Information for Individuals with Crohn Disease: Reports of Gastrointestinal Effects","volume":"36","author":"Brotherton","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gastroenterol. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_76","first-page":"116","article-title":"Effects of an Oral Supplementation of Germinated Barley Foodstuff on Serum CRP Level and Clinical Signs in Patients with Ulcerative Colitis","volume":"4","author":"Faghfoori","year":"2014","journal-title":"Health Promot. Perspect."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1522","DOI":"10.1002\/ibd.20249","article-title":"Pilot Study on the Effect of Reducing Dietary FODMAP Intake on Bowel Function in Patients without a Colon","volume":"13","author":"Croagh","year":"2007","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crohns.2008.09.004","article-title":"Reduction of Dietary Poorly Absorbed Short-Chain Carbohydrates (FODMAPs) Improves Abdominal Symptoms in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease\u2014A Pilot Study","volume":"3","author":"Gearry","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.26.10.989","article-title":"Low Residue or Normal Diet in Crohn\u2019s Disease: A Prospective Controlled Study in Italian Patients","volume":"26","author":"Levenstein","year":"1985","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1574","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2004.01.062","article-title":"Advances in the Treatment of Crohn\u2019s Disease","volume":"126","author":"Egan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1097\/00054725-200407000-00024","article-title":"Mucosal Healing in Pediatric Crohn\u2019s Disease: The Goal of Medical Treatment","volume":"10","year":"2004","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."},{"key":"ref_82","first-page":"239","article-title":"Enteral Nutrition in Crohn Disease: More than just Calories","volume":"38","author":"Heuschkel","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1437","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(93)90882-H","article-title":"Intestinal Permeability and the Prediction of Relapse in Crohri\u2019s Disease","volume":"341","author":"Wyatt","year":"1993","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1053\/gast.2000.8523","article-title":"Surrogate Markers of Intestinal Inflammation are Predictive of Relapse in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease","volume":"119","author":"Tibble","year":"2000","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1647","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1155725","article-title":"Evolution of Mammals and their Gut Microbes","volume":"320","author":"Ley","year":"2008","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1038\/embor.2013.27","article-title":"The Dynamics of Gut-Associated Microbial Communities during Inflammation","volume":"14","author":"Winter","year":"2013","journal-title":"EMBO Rep."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2014.03.039","article-title":"The Multifaceted Role of the Intestinal Microbiota in Colon Cancer","volume":"54","author":"Belcheva","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol. Cell"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1038\/86373","article-title":"Dendritic Cells Express Tight Junction Proteins and Penetrate Gut Epithelial Monolayers to Sample Bacteria","volume":"2","author":"Rescigno","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1522","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.52.10.1522","article-title":"The Dendritic Cell: Its Role in Intestinal Inflammation and Relationship with Gut Bacteria","volume":"52","author":"Stagg","year":"2003","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1847","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114511007252","article-title":"Xylo-Oligosaccharide (XOS) in Combination with Inulin Modulates both the Intestinal Environment and Immune Status in Healthy Subjects, while XOS Alone Only shows Prebiotic Properties","volume":"108","author":"Lecerf","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1602","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2003.037325","article-title":"Modulation of Human Dendritic Cell Phenotype and Function by Probiotic Bacteria","volume":"53","author":"Hart","year":"2004","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16731","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0804812105","article-title":"Faecalibacterium prausnitzii is an Anti-Inflammatory Commensal Bacterium Identified by Gut Microbiota Analysis of Crohn Disease Patients","volume":"105","author":"Sokol","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2013.06.003","article-title":"Faecalibacterium prausnitzii and Human Intestinal Health","volume":"16","author":"Miquel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bischoff, S.C., Barbara, G., Buurman, W., Ockhuizen, T., Schulzke, J., Serino, M., Tilg, H., Watson, A., and Wells, J. (2014). Intestinal Permeability\u2014A New Target for Disease Prevention and Therapy. BMC Gastroenterol., 14.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12876-014-0189-7"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1401","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/125.6.1401","article-title":"Dietary Modulation of the Human Colonic Microbiota: Introducing the Concept of Prebiotics","volume":"125","author":"Gibson","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodhyd.2009.11.013","article-title":"The Physiological Roles of Dietary Fibre","volume":"25","author":"Brownlee","year":"2011","journal-title":"Food Hydrocoll."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.200500013","article-title":"Effects of Dietary Fiber on Inflammatory Bowel Disease","volume":"49","author":"Galvez","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1276","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.111.017228","article-title":"Butyrate Esterified to Starch is Released in the Human Gastrointestinal Tract","volume":"94","author":"Clarke","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1519","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v17.i12.1519","article-title":"Potential Beneficial Effects of Butyrate in Intestinal and Extraintestinal Diseases","volume":"17","author":"Canani","year":"2011","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1046\/j.0009-9104.2002.01977.x","article-title":"Butyrate Affects Differentiation, Maturation and Function of Human Monocyte-derived Dendritic Cells and Macrophages","volume":"130","author":"Millard","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_101","first-page":"1592","article-title":"Diet and Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Review of Patient-Targeted Recommendations","volume":"12","author":"Hou","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1460","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-010-1466-0","article-title":"Pharmacological Basis for the Medicinal use of Psyllium Husk (Ispaghula) in Constipation and Diarrhea","volume":"56","author":"Mehmood","year":"2011","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.3109\/09637486.2012.687366","article-title":"Wheat Bran: Its Composition and Benefits to Health, a European Perspective","volume":"63","author":"Stevenson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1524","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.1.6126.1524","article-title":"Maintenance of Remission in Ulcerative Colitis with Sulphasalazine or a High-Fibre Diet: A Clinical Trial","volume":"1","author":"Davies","year":"1978","journal-title":"Br. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1097\/00008469-199902000-00003","article-title":"Protection against Cancer by Wheat Bran: Role of Dietary Fibre and Phytochemicals","volume":"8","author":"Ferguson","year":"1999","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cancer Prev."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/17\/6\/919\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T19:25:26Z","timestamp":1760210726000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/17\/6\/919"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,14]]},"references-count":105,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,6]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms17060919"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms17060919","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,14]]}}}