{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T22:33:07Z","timestamp":1790721187364,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,1]],"date-time":"2016-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1467331200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Chronic Prostatitis\/Chronic Pelvic Pain Syndrome (CP\/CPPS) is one of the most common urologic diseases, and no curative treatments have been identified. Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) has been successfully used in promoting tissue healing, inhibiting inflammation and pain, differentiating stem cells, and stimulating nerve regeneration\/muscle regeneration, as well as enhancing angiogenesis. Very recently, LIPUS has been proven an effective approach for CP\/CPPS. This review summarizes the possible mechanisms responsible for the therapeutic effect of LIPUS for CP\/CPPS. To search publications relevant to the topics of this review, the search engine for life sciences of Entrez was used. We reviewed the available evidence from 1954 through 2015 concerning LIPUS for CP\/CPPS. According to the literature, both transrectal and transperineal approaches of LIPUS are effective for CP\/CPPS.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms17071057","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,1]],"date-time":"2016-07-01T09:51:48Z","timestamp":1467366708000},"page":"1057","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":65,"title":["Effects and Mechanisms of Low-Intensity Pulsed Ultrasound for Chronic Prostatitis and Chronic Pelvic Pain Syndrome"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7518-0788","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guiting","family":"Lin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Knuppe Molecular Urology Laboratory, Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amanda","family":"Reed-Maldonado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Knuppe Molecular Urology Laboratory, Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maofan","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital and the Institute of Urology, Peking University, Beijing 100009, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhongcheng","family":"Xin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital and the Institute of Urology, Peking University, Beijing 100009, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tom","family":"Lue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Knuppe Molecular Urology Laboratory, Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cohen, J.M., Fagin, A.P., Hariton, E., Niska, J.R., Pierce, M.W., Kuriyama, A., Whelan, J.S., Jackson, J.L., and Dimitrakoff, J.D. (2012). Therapeutic intervention for chronic prostatitis\/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CP\/CPPS): A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0041941"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1631\/jzus.B1200129","article-title":"Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound therapy: A potential strategy to stimulate tendon-bone junction healing","volume":"13","author":"Ying","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Zhejiang Univ. Sci. B"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1093\/bmb\/ldn040","article-title":"The effects of lipus on soft-tissue healing: A review of literature","volume":"89","author":"Khanna","year":"2009","journal-title":"Br. Med. Bull."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2013.09.018","article-title":"Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) inhibits LPS-induced inflammatory responses of osteoblasts through TLR4-MyD88 dissociation","volume":"58","author":"Nakao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2201","DOI":"10.1007\/s10529-013-1313-4","article-title":"Effects of low-intensity pulsed ultrasound on cell viability, proliferation and neural differentiation of induced pluripotent stem cells-derived neural crest stem cells","volume":"35","author":"Lv","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2497","DOI":"10.1007\/s10529-015-1939-5","article-title":"In vivo repair of rat transected sciatic nerve by low-intensity pulsed ultrasound and induced pluripotent stem cells-derived neural crest stem cells","volume":"37","author":"Lv","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hanawa, K., Ito, K., Aizawa, K., Shindo, T., Nishimiya, K., Hasebe, Y., Tuburaya, R., Hasegawa, H., Yasuda, S., and Kanai, H. (2014). Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound induces angiogenesis and ameliorates left ventricular dysfunction in a porcine model of chronic myocardial ischemia. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0104863"},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"75","article-title":"Ultrasonic therapy of chronic prostatitis","volume":"3","author":"Karpukhin","year":"1977","journal-title":"Vopr. Kurortol. Fizioter. Lech. Fizicheskoi Kult."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"49","article-title":"Transperineal ultrasonic therapy for chronic prostatitis","volume":"19","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"Zhonghua Nan Ke Xue = Natl. J. Androl."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.20545","article-title":"Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound stimulation enhances TIMP-1 in nucleus pulposus cells and MCP-1 in macrophages in the rat","volume":"26","author":"Omi","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Res. Off. Publ. Orthop. Res. Soc."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1007\/s11255-014-0845-4","article-title":"The alteration of inflammatory markers and apoptosis on chronic prostatitis induced by estrogen and androgen","volume":"47","author":"Jia","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. Urol. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"2280","article-title":"Electrophysiological identification of central sensitization in patients with chronic prostatitis","volume":"12","author":"Korkmaz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Urol. J."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, X., Zhou, Z., Qiu, X., Wang, B., and Dai, J. (2015). The effect of chronic prostatitis\/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CP\/CPPS) on erectile function: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0141447"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.282.3.236","article-title":"NIH consensus definition and classification of prostatitis","volume":"282","author":"Krieger","year":"1999","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1385","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2006.10.059","article-title":"Interleukin 8 and anti-chlamydia trachomatis mucosal IgA as urogenital immunologic markers in patients with C. Trachomatis prostatic infection","volume":"51","author":"Mazzoli","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur. Urol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.1016\/S0090-4295(00)00844-X","article-title":"Evaluation of the cytokines interleukin 8 and epithelial neutrophil activating peptide 78 as indicators of inflammation in prostatic secretions","volume":"56","author":"Hochreiter","year":"2000","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.100.418.85","article-title":"Intense ultrasound; a new tool for neurological research","volume":"100","author":"Fry","year":"1954","journal-title":"J. Ment. Sci."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/8\/3\/201","article-title":"Ultrasonics in medicine","volume":"8","author":"Newell","year":"1963","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/22\/4\/001","article-title":"Ultrasonics in medicine and biology","volume":"22","author":"Wells","year":"1977","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1002\/jcu.1870070410","article-title":"Cancer therapy with ultrasound: A historical review","volume":"7","author":"Kremkau","year":"1979","journal-title":"J. Clin. Ultrasound JCU"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9516","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)68793-4","article-title":"Human skin fibroblast collagenase. Assessment of activation energy and deuterium isotope effect with collagenous substrates","volume":"256","author":"Welgus","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1067","DOI":"10.1126\/science.2309118","article-title":"Interparticle collisions driven by ultrasound","volume":"247","author":"Doktycz","year":"1990","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"18","article-title":"The effect of low-intensity therapeutic ultrasound in induced fracture of rat tibiae","volume":"21","author":"Pontes","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Ortop. Bras."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54463","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M404786200","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms of low intensity pulsed ultrasound in human skin fibroblasts","volume":"279","author":"Zhou","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E248","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0000000000001220","article-title":"Low intensity pulsed ultrasound promotes the extracellular matrix synthesis of degenerative human nucleus pulposus cells through FAK\/PI3K\/Aktpathway","volume":"41","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1609","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultrasmedbio.2014.03.002","article-title":"Effects of low-intensity pulsed ultrasound on integrin-FAK-PI3K\/Akt mechanochemical transduction in rabbit osteoarthritis chondrocytes","volume":"40","author":"Cheng","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ultrasound Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"15","article-title":"Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound stimulates cell proliferation, proteoglycan synthesis and expression of growth factor-related genes in human nucleus pulposus cell line","volume":"17","author":"Kobayashi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. Cells Mater."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10330","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M113.546382","article-title":"Low intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) influences the multilineage differentiation of mesenchymal stem and progenitor cell lines through Rock-CoT\/Tpl2-MEK-ERK signaling pathway","volume":"289","author":"Kusuyama","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2964","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-011-0408-0","article-title":"Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound reduces the inflammatory activity of synovitis","volume":"39","author":"Nakamura","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.11607\/ofph.1156","article-title":"Effects of low-intensity pulsed ultrasound on the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 in mandibular condylar chondrocytes","volume":"28","author":"Iwabuchi","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Oral Fac. Pain Headache"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.7863\/jum.2012.31.4.623","article-title":"Overview of therapeutic ultrasound applications and safety considerations","volume":"31","author":"Miller","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Ultrasound Med."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/17\/7\/1057\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T19:25:18Z","timestamp":1760210718000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/17\/7\/1057"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,1]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,7]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms17071057"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms17071057","relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.3410\/f.726483280.793536472","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,1]]}}}