{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T20:01:48Z","timestamp":1791835308639,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":206,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,1]],"date-time":"2016-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1470009600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Epilepsy is a common neurological disorder worldwide and anti-epileptic drugs (AEDs) are always the first choice for treatment. However, more than 50% of patients with epilepsy who take AEDs have reported bone abnormalities. Cytochrome P450 (CYP450) isoenzymes are induced by AEDs, especially the classical AEDs, such as benzodiazepines (BZDs), carbamazepine (CBZ), phenytoin (PT), phenobarbital (PB), and valproic acid (VPA). The induction of CYP450 isoenzymes may cause vitamin D deficiency, hypocalcemia, increased fracture risks, and altered bone turnover, leading to impaired bone mineral density (BMD). Newer AEDs, such as levetiracetam (LEV), oxcarbazepine (OXC), lamotrigine (LTG), topiramate (TPM), gabapentin (GP), and vigabatrin (VB) have broader spectra, and are safer and better tolerated than the classical AEDs. The effects of AEDs on bone health are controversial. This review focuses on the impact of AEDs on growth and bone metabolism and emphasizes the need for caution and timely withdrawal of these medications to avoid serious disabilities.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms17081242","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,3]],"date-time":"2016-08-03T03:47:39Z","timestamp":1470196059000},"page":"1242","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":87,"title":["The Impact of Anti-Epileptic Drugs on Growth and Bone Metabolism"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3485-7558","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hueng-Chuen","family":"Fan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Tungs\u2019 Taichung Metroharbor Hospital, Wuchi, 435 Taichung, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Nursing, Jen-Teh Junior College of Medicine, Nursing and Management, 356 Miaoli, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Herng-Shen","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, 813 Kaohsiung, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kai-Ping","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, 112 Taipei, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi-Yen","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, 112 Taipei, Taiwan"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, 112 Taipei, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hsin-Chuan","family":"Lai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Tungs\u2019 Taichung Metroharbor Hospital, Wuchi, 435 Taichung, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Nursing, Jen-Teh Junior College of Medicine, Nursing and Management, 356 Miaoli, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pi-Lien","family":"Hung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Medical Center, 833 Kaohsiung, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hsiu-Fen","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, 407 Taichung, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ching-Shiang","family":"Chi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Tungs\u2019 Taichung Metroharbor Hospital, Wuchi, 435 Taichung, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Nursing, Jen-Teh Junior College of Medicine, Nursing and Management, 356 Miaoli, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, H., Thurman, D.J., Durgin, T., Faught, E., and Helmers, S. 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