{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T18:46:00Z","timestamp":1790361960131,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":91,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,16]],"date-time":"2016-08-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1471305600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This review evaluates the role of \u03b1-adrenoceptor antagonists as a potential treatment of prostate cancer (PCa). Cochrane, Google Scholar and Pubmed were accessed to retrieve sixty-two articles for analysis. In vitro studies demonstrate that doxazosin, prazosin and terazosin (quinazoline \u03b1-antagonists) induce apoptosis, decrease cell growth, and proliferation in PC-3, LNCaP and DU-145 cell lines. Similarly, the piperazine based naftopidil induced cell cycle arrest and death in LNCaP-E9 cell lines. In contrast, sulphonamide based tamsulosin did not exhibit these effects. In vivo data was consistent with in vitro findings as the quinazoline based \u03b1-antagonists prevented angiogenesis and decreased tumour mass in mice models of PCa. Mechanistically the cytotoxic and antitumor effects of the \u03b1-antagonists appear largely independent of \u03b1 1-blockade. The proposed targets include: VEGF, EGFR, HER2\/Neu, caspase 8\/3, topoisomerase 1 and other mitochondrial apoptotic inducing factors. These cytotoxic effects could not be evaluated in human studies as prospective trial data is lacking. However, retrospective studies show a decreased incidence of PCa in males exposed to \u03b1-antagonists. As human data evaluating the use of \u03b1-antagonists as treatments are lacking; well designed, prospective clinical trials are needed to conclusively demonstrate the anticancer properties of quinazoline based \u03b1-antagonists in PCa and other cancers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms17081339","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,16]],"date-time":"2016-08-16T10:03:21Z","timestamp":1471341801000},"page":"1339","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["The Role of \u03b11-Adrenoceptor Antagonists in the Treatment of Prostate and Other Cancers"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Mallory","family":"Batty","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4222, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8613-8972","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rachel","family":"Pugh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4222, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ilampirai","family":"Rathinam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4222, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joshua","family":"Simmonds","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4222, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4800-3265","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edwin","family":"Walker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4222, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amanda","family":"Forbes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Urology Research, Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Robina, QLD 4226, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shailendra","family":"Anoopkumar-Dukie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4222, Australia"},{"name":"Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4222, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catherine","family":"McDermott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Urology Research, Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Robina, QLD 4226, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Briohny","family":"Spencer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4222, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Christie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4222, Australia"},{"name":"Centre for Urology Research, Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Robina, QLD 4226, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Russ","family":"Chess-Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Urology Research, Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Robina, QLD 4226, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1133","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.27711","article-title":"Global estimates of cancer prevalence for 27 sites in the adult population in 2008","volume":"132","author":"Bray","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. 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