{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T18:14:48Z","timestamp":1790187288206,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":142,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,6]],"date-time":"2016-09-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1473120000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Tumor angiogenesis is widely recognized as one of the \u201challmarks of cancer\u201d. Consequently, during the last decades the development and testing of commercial angiogenic inhibitors has been a central focus for both basic and clinical cancer research. While antiangiogenic drugs are now incorporated into standard clinical practice, as with all cancer therapies, tumors can eventually become resistant by employing a variety of strategies to receive nutrients and oxygen in the event of therapeutic assault. Herein, we concentrate and review in detail three of the principal mechanisms of antiangiogenic therapy escape: (1) upregulation of compensatory\/alternative pathways for angiogenesis; (2) vasculogenic mimicry; and (3) vessel co-option. We suggest that an understanding of how a cancer cell adapts to antiangiogenic therapy may also parallel the mechanisms employed in the bourgeoning tumor and isolated metastatic cells delivering responsible for residual disease. Finally, we speculate on strategies to adapt antiangiogenic therapy for future clinical uses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms17091489","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,6]],"date-time":"2016-09-06T10:10:16Z","timestamp":1473156616000},"page":"1489","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":63,"title":["Escaping Antiangiogenic Therapy: Strategies Employed by Cancer Cells"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2484-8033","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mauricio","family":"Pinto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paula","family":"Sotomayor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Integrative Medicine and Innovative Science, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Andr\u00e9s Bello, Santiago 8370071, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gonzalo","family":"Carrasco-Avino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380456, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alejandro","family":"Corvalan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hematology-Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Chile, Santiago 8330032, Chile"},{"name":"Center UC Investigation in Oncology (CITO), Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Chile, Santiago 8330023, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3807-6054","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gareth","family":"Owen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile"},{"name":"Center UC Investigation in Oncology (CITO), Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Chile, Santiago 8330023, Chile"},{"name":"Biomedical Research Consortium of Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile"},{"name":"Millennium Institute on Immunology & Immunotherapy, Santiago 8331150, Chile"},{"name":"Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380492, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1167\/tvst.5.2.10","article-title":"VEGF and intraocular neovascularization: From discovery to therapy","volume":"5","author":"Ferrara","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trans. 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