{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T21:11:06Z","timestamp":1789506666029,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,24]],"date-time":"2016-09-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1474675200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation","award":["81570338"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81570338"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation","award":["31570854"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31570854"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Diabetic complications are the major cause of mortality for the patients with diabetes. Oxidative stress and inflammation have been recognized as important contributors for the development of many diabetic complications, such as diabetic nephropathy, hepatopathy, cardiomyopathy, and other cardiovascular diseases. Several studies have established the anti-inflammatory and oxidative roles of bioactive constituents in Magnolia bark, which has been widely used in the traditional herbal medicines in Chinese society. These findings have attracted various scientists to investigate the effect of bioactive constituents in Magnolia bark on diabetic complications. The aim of this review is to present a systematic overview of bioactive constituents in Magnolia bark that induce the prevention of obesity, hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, and diabetic complications, including cardiovascular, liver, and kidney.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms17101629","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,26]],"date-time":"2016-09-26T10:02:44Z","timestamp":1474884164000},"page":"1629","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Extracts of Magnolia Species-Induced Prevention of Diabetic Complications: A Brief Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Xuezhong","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Cardiology at the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fengsheng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kosair Children Hospital Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA"},{"name":"General Hospital of the PLA Rocket Force, Beijing 100088, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wanqing","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases China, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100037, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ling","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Radiological Protection and Nuclear Emergency, National Institute for Radiological Protection, China Centers for Disease Control, Beijing 100088, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ki","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Bioland Biotec Co., Ltd., Zhangjiang Modern Medical Device Park, Pudong, Shanghai 201203, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kyoung","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Bioland Biotec Co., Ltd., Zhangjiang Modern Medical Device Park, Pudong, Shanghai 201203, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3048-1135","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lu","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kosair Children Hospital Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhiguo","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Cardiology at the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China"},{"name":"Kosair Children Hospital Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Cardiology at the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.2174\/156802610790980620","article-title":"Anti-diabetic agents from natural products\u2014An update from 2004 to 2009","volume":"10","author":"Qi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr. Top. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2003.12.031","article-title":"Natural medicines used in the traditional Chinese medical system for therapy of diabetes mellitus","volume":"92","author":"Li","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2014.09.022","article-title":"Sulforaphane prevents the development of cardiomyopathy in type 2 diabetic mice probably by reversing oxidative stress-induced inhibition of LKB1\/AMPK pathway","volume":"77","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun, W., Zhang, Z., Chen, Q., Yin, X., Fu, Y., Zheng, Y., Cai, L., Kim, K.S., Kim, K.H., and Tan, Y. (2014). Magnolia extract (BL153) protection of heart from lipid accumulation caused cardiac oxidative damage, inflammation, and cell death in high-fat diet fed mice. Oxid. Med. Cell Longev.","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/205849"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun, J., Wang, Y., Fu, X., Chen, Y., Wang, D., Li, W., Xing, S., and Li, G. (2015). Magnolia officinalis extract contains potent inhibitors against PTP1B and attenuates hyperglycemia in db\/db mice. BioMed Res. Int.","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/139451"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.12101","article-title":"Magnolia bioactive constituent 4-O-methylhonokiol prevents the impairment of cardiac insulin signaling and the cardiac pathogenesis in high-fat diet-induced obese mice","volume":"11","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1177\/1535370214547123","article-title":"Combination of honokiol and magnolol inhibits hepatic steatosis through AMPK-SREBP-1 c pathway","volume":"240","author":"Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Exp. Biol. Med. (Maywood)"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, Y.S., Kim, J., Kim, C.S., Sohn, E.J., Lee, Y.M., Jeong, I.H., Kim, H., Jang, D.S., and Kim, J.S. (2011). KIOM-79, an inhibitor of AGEs-protein cross-linking, prevents progression of nephropathy in zucker diabetic fatty rats. Evid. Based Complement. Altern. Med.","DOI":"10.1093\/ecam\/nep078"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1327","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1349-7006.2002.tb01241.x","article-title":"Costunolide triggers apoptosis in human leukemia U937 cells by depleting intracellular thiols","volume":"93","author":"Choi","year":"2002","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.2386","article-title":"Antiinflammatory activity of methanol extract isolated from stem bark of Magnolia kobus","volume":"22","author":"Kang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Phytother. Res."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1097\/00024382-200013010-00005","article-title":"Magnolol attenuates peroxidative damage and improves survival of rats with sepsis","volume":"13","author":"Kong","year":"2000","journal-title":"Shock"},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"RA256","article-title":"Formulations of dietary supplements and herbal extracts for relaxation and anxiolytic action: Relarian","volume":"15","author":"Weeks","year":"2009","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Monit."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2011.01.010","article-title":"Therapeutic applications of compounds in the Magnolia family","volume":"130","author":"Lee","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4813","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbagen.2013.06.021","article-title":"Honokiol: A non-adipogenic PPAR\u03b3 agonist from nature","volume":"1830","author":"Atanasov","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"908","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2009.04.001","article-title":"Magnolol enhances adipocyte differentiation and glucose uptake in 3T3-L1 cells","volume":"84","author":"Choi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"926","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2011.02.015","article-title":"Magnolia dealbata Zucc and its active principles honokiol and magnolol stimulate glucose uptake in murine and human adipocytes using the insulin-signaling pathway","volume":"18","author":"Dominguez","year":"2011","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"6327","article-title":"Hypoglycemic effect and mechanism of honokiol on type 2 diabetic mice","volume":"9","author":"Sun","year":"2015","journal-title":"Drug Des. Dev. Ther."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1988","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.201300113","article-title":"Long-term supplementation of honokiol and magnolol ameliorates body fat accumulation, insulin resistance, and adipose inflammation in high-fat fed mice","volume":"57","author":"Kim","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2362.32.s3.3.x","article-title":"Free fatty acids in obesity and type 2 diabetes: Defining their role in the development of insulin resistance and \u03b2-cell dysfunction","volume":"32","author":"Boden","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1679","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI30565","article-title":"Upregulation of myocellular DGAT1 augments triglyceride synthesis in skeletal muscle and protects against fat-induced insulin resistance","volume":"117","author":"Liu","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1364","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.52.6.1364","article-title":"Pioglitazone reduces hepatic fat content and augments splanchnic glucose uptake in patients with type 2 diabetes","volume":"52","author":"Bajaj","year":"2003","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1007\/s11906-005-0035-y","article-title":"Lipotoxicity in the heart","volume":"7","author":"Borradaile","year":"2005","journal-title":"Curr. Hypertens. Rep."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"886","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-015-3525-8","article-title":"Pathophysiology of diabetic dyslipidaemia: Where are we?","volume":"58","author":"Verges","year":"2015","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1971","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biochi.2013.07.017","article-title":"Ectopic lipid accumulation: A potential cause for metabolic disturbances and a contributor to the alteration of kidney function","volume":"95","author":"Alix","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biochimie"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.5483\/BMBRep.2016.49.3.268","article-title":"The role of lipids in the pathogenesis and treatment of type 2 diabetes and associated co-morbidities","volume":"49","author":"Erion","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMB Rep."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1900\/RDS.2012.9.82","article-title":"Dyslipidemia and diabetes: reciprocal impact of impaired lipid metabolism and \u03b2-cell dysfunction on micro and macrovascular complications","volume":"9","author":"Bardini","year":"2012","journal-title":"Rev. Diabet. Study"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2015.02.020","article-title":"Honokiol activates the LKB1-AMPK signaling pathway and attenuates the lipid accumulation in hepatocytes","volume":"284","author":"Seo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Z., Chen, J., Jiang, X., Wang, J., Yan, X., Zheng, Y., Conklin, D.J., Kim, K.S., Kim, K.H., and Tan, Y. (2014). The Magnolia bioactive constituent 4-O-methylhonokiol protects against high-fat diet-induced obesity and systemic insulin resistance in mice. Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev.","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/965954"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-014-3171-6","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms of diabetic cardiomyopathy","volume":"57","author":"Bugger","year":"2014","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.2337\/db06-1163","article-title":"Contributions of inflammation and cardiac matrix metalloproteinase activity to cardiac failure in diabetic cardiomyopathy: The role of angiotensin type 1 receptor antagonism","volume":"56","author":"Westermann","year":"2007","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.55.03.06.db05-1039","article-title":"Protection of cardiac mitochondria by overexpression of MnSOD reduces diabetic cardiomyopathy","volume":"55","author":"Shen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1793","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2008.07.062","article-title":"Myocardial steatosis is an independent predictor of diastolic dysfunction in type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"52","author":"Rijzewijk","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2234","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2014.15825","article-title":"Effect of screening for coronary artery disease using CT angiography on mortality and cardiac events in high-risk patients with diabetes: The FACTOR-64 randomized clinical trial","volume":"312","author":"Muhlestein","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2011.07.015","article-title":"Insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, and atherosclerosis","volume":"14","author":"Bornfeldt","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1097\/01.fjc.0000211708.03111.6e","article-title":"Inhibitory effect of Magnolia officinalis and lovastatin on aortic oxidative stress and apoptosis in hyperlipidemic rabbits","volume":"47","author":"Chang","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2796.2010.02269.x","article-title":"Chronic kidney disease: A public health priority and harbinger of premature cardiovascular disease","volume":"268","author":"Stenvinkel","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F301","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00607.2010","article-title":"Recent insights into diabetic renal injury from the db\/db mouse model of type 2 diabetic nephropathy","volume":"300","author":"Tesch","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Ren. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mima, A. (2013). Inflammation and oxidative stress in diabetic nephropathy: New insights on its inhibition as new therapeutic targets. J. Diabetes Res.","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/248563"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1333.064","article-title":"Receptor for advanced glycation end products is a promising target of diabetic nephropathy","volume":"1043","author":"Yamamoto","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1159\/000350146","article-title":"Effects of magnoline on P-selectin\u2019s expression in diabetic rats and its reno-protection","volume":"37","author":"Zhou","year":"2013","journal-title":"Kidney Blood Press Res."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cui, W., Wang, Y., Chen, Q., Sun, W., Cai, L., Tan, Y., Kim, K.S., Kim, K.H., and Kim, Y.H. (2013). Magnolia extract (BL153) ameliorates kidney damage in a high-fat diet-induced obesity mouse model. Oxid. Med. Cell Longev.","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/367040"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1097\/00004836-198910000-00010","article-title":"Elevated aminotransferases and alkaline phosphatases in unstable diabetes mellitus without ketoacidosis or hypoglycemia","volume":"11","author":"Olsson","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Clin. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1097\/00000478-200604000-00012","article-title":"Glycogenic hepatopathy: An underrecognized hepatic complication of diabetes mellitus","volume":"30","author":"Torbenson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Surg. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2003.10.065","article-title":"Diabetes increases the risk of chronic liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"126","author":"Tran","year":"2004","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.22429","article-title":"Risk of severe liver disease in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease with normal aminotransferase levels: A role for insulin resistance and diabetes","volume":"48","author":"Fracanzani","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.12723","article-title":"Role of stem cells during diabetic liver injury","volume":"20","author":"Wan","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Cell. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1007\/s13105-014-0322-7","article-title":"Hepatoprotective effects of melatonin against pronecrotic cellular events in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats","volume":"70","author":"Grigorov","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/S1665-2681(19)32074-5","article-title":"Hepatic morphological changes and oxidative stress in chronic streptozotocin-diabetic rats","volume":"4","author":"Evelson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ann. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e132","DOI":"10.18295\/squmj.2016.16.02.002","article-title":"Mechanisms of diabetes-induced liver damage: The role of oxidative stress and inflammation","volume":"16","author":"Mohamed","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sultan Qaboos. Univ. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, J., Zhang, C., Zhang, Z., Chen, Q., Lu, X., Shao, M., Chen, L., Yang, H., Zhang, F., and Cheng, P. (2014). BL153 partially prevents high-fat diet induced liver damage probably via inhibition of lipid accumulation, inflammation, and oxidative stress. Oxid. Med. Cell Longev.","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/674690"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-8741(00)00242-7","article-title":"Antidepressant effects of Banxia Houpu decoction, a traditional Chinese medicinal empirical formula","volume":"73","author":"Luo","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/S0944-7113(00)80042-2","article-title":"The effects of the traditional chinese medicine, \u201cBanxia Houpo Tang (Hange-Koboku To)\u201d on the swallowing reflex in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"7","author":"Iwasaki","year":"2000","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"323","article-title":"Soy isoflavones, lactobacilli, Magnolia bark extract, vitamin D3 and calcium. Controlled clinical study in menopause","volume":"58","author":"Mucci","year":"2006","journal-title":"Minerva Ginecol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2891-7-11","article-title":"Effect of a proprietary Magnolia and Phellodendron extract on stress levels in healthy women: A pilot, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial","volume":"7","author":"Kalman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nutr. J."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1159\/000330234","article-title":"Effect of a sugar-free chewing gum containing magnolia bark extract on different variables related to caries and gingivitis: A randomized controlled intervention trial","volume":"45","author":"Campus","year":"2011","journal-title":"Caries Res."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/17\/10\/1629\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T19:31:44Z","timestamp":1760211104000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/17\/10\/1629"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,24]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,10]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms17101629"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms17101629","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,24]]}}}