{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T06:02:33Z","timestamp":1791871353786,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":189,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,20]],"date-time":"2016-10-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1476921600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Edible oils are the major natural dietary sources of tocopherols and tocotrienols, collectively known as tocols. Plant foods with low lipid content usually have negligible quantities of tocols. However, seeds and other plant food processing by-products may serve as alternative sources of edible oils with considerable contents of tocopherols and tocotrienols. Tocopherols are among the most important lipid-soluble antioxidants in food as well as in human and animal tissues. Tocopherols are found in lipid-rich regions of cells (e.g., mitochondrial membranes), fat depots, and lipoproteins such as low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Their health benefits may also be explained by regulation of gene expression, signal transduction, and modulation of cell functions. Potential health benefits of tocols include prevention of certain types of cancer, heart disease, and other chronic ailments. Although deficiencies of tocopherol are uncommon, a continuous intake from common and novel dietary sources of tocopherols and tocotrienols is advantageous. Thus, this contribution will focus on the relevant literature on common and emerging edible oils as a source of tocols. Potential application and health effects as well as the impact of new cultivars as sources of edible oils and their processing discards are presented. Future trends and drawbacks are also briefly covered.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms17101745","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,20]],"date-time":"2016-10-20T10:15:49Z","timestamp":1476958549000},"page":"1745","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":406,"title":["Tocopherols and Tocotrienols in Common and Emerging Dietary Sources: Occurrence, Applications, and Health Benefits"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9912-0330","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fereidoon","family":"Shahidi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John\u2019s, NL A1B 3X9, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9404-1193","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adriano","family":"De Camargo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John\u2019s, NL A1B 3X9, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Agri-Food Industry, Food &amp; Nutrition, \u201cLuiz de Queiroz\u201d College of Agriculture, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Piracicaba 13418-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2015.06.018","article-title":"Phenolics and polyphenolics in foods, beverages and spices: Antioxidant activity and health effects\u2014A review","volume":"18","author":"Shahidi","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mam.2006.12.009","article-title":"Modulation of signal transduction by vitamin E","volume":"28","author":"Zingg","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mol. Asp. Med."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"1227","article-title":"Nontriacylglycerol constituents of fats, oils","volume":"7","author":"Shahidi","year":"1996","journal-title":"Inf. Int. News Fats Oils Relat. Mater."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10289","DOI":"10.1021\/jf9029546","article-title":"Commercial Runner peanut cultivars in the United States: Tocopherol composition","volume":"57","author":"Shin","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2827","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms13032827","article-title":"Gamma radiation induced oxidation and tocopherols decrease in in-shell, peeled and blanched peanuts","volume":"13","author":"Vieira","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2006.06.016","article-title":"Tocopherols and tocotrienols as free radical-scavengers in refined vegetable oils and their stability during deep-fat frying","volume":"102","author":"Rossi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2005.07.033","article-title":"Tocopherols and total phenolics in 10 different nut types","volume":"98","author":"Kornsteiner","year":"2006","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfca.2014.12.012","article-title":"Nutritional quality assessment of extra virgin olive oil from the Italian retail market: Do natural antioxidants satisfy EFSA health claims?","volume":"40","author":"Caporaso","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Food Compos. Anal."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2014.12.010","article-title":"Antioxidant activities of tocopherols\/tocotrienols and lipophilic antioxidant capacity of wheat, vegetable oils, milk and milk cream by using photochemiluminescence","volume":"175","author":"Karmowski","year":"2015","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1590\/S0101-20612014005000031","article-title":"Alpha-tocopherol and gamma-tocopherol concentration in vegetable oils","volume":"34","author":"Grilo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Food Sci. Technol. (Campinas)"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfca.2007.07.012","article-title":"Tocopherol, tocotrienol and plant sterol contents of vegetable oils and industrial fats","volume":"21","author":"Schwartz","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Food Compos. Anal."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfca.2005.08.001","article-title":"Tocopherol and tocotrienol contents of raw and processed fruits and vegetables in the United States diet","volume":"19","author":"Chun","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Food Compos. Anal."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2014.10.034","article-title":"Gamma-irradiation induced changes in microbiological status, phenolic profile and antioxidant activity of peanut skin","volume":"12","author":"Gallo","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1022","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2015.05.018","article-title":"Phenolics of selected lentil cultivars: Antioxidant activities and inhibition of low-density lipoprotein and DNA damage","volume":"18","author":"Alshikh","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2015.10.107","article-title":"Antioxidants and bioactivities of free, esterified and insoluble-bound phenolics from berry seed meals","volume":"197","author":"Ayoub","year":"2016","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12159","DOI":"10.1021\/jf504185s","article-title":"Low molecular weight phenolics of grape juice and winemaking byproducts: Antioxidant activities and inhibition of oxidation of human low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and DNA strand breakage","volume":"62","author":"Biasoto","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-5849(99)00224-5","article-title":"Vitamin E and heart disease: Basic science to clinical intervention trials","volume":"28","author":"Pryor","year":"2000","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391S","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/53.1.391S","article-title":"The antioxidant nutrients and disease prevention\u2014What do we know and what do we need to find out?","volume":"53","author":"Pryor","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/67.4.669","article-title":"Human plasma and tissue alpha-tocopherol concentrations in response to supplementation with deuterated natural and synthetic vitamin E","volume":"67","author":"Burton","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1002\/ejlt.200600256","article-title":"Palm oil markets and future supply","volume":"109","author":"Carter","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur. J. Lipid Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02546039","article-title":"Tocopherols and tocotrienols in finnish foods: Oils and fats","volume":"63","author":"Pilronen","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0523.2004.01012.x","article-title":"Novel variation for the tocopherol profile in a sunflower created by mutagenesis and recombination","volume":"123","author":"Velasco","year":"2004","journal-title":"Plant Breed."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1094\/CCHEM-84-1-0001","article-title":"Composition of functional lipids in hulled and hulless barley in fractions obtained by scarification and in barley oil","volume":"84","author":"Moreau","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cereal Chem."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01088091","article-title":"Tocotrienol and fatty acid composition of barley oil and their effects on lipid metabolism","volume":"43","author":"Wang","year":"1993","journal-title":"Plant Foods Hum. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/0889-1575(88)90004-X","article-title":"Vitamin E content of crude and refined vegetable oils in southern Brazil","volume":"1","author":"Desai","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Food Compos. Anal."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02660070","article-title":"Determination of tocopherols in vegetable oils","volume":"56","author":"Carpenter","year":"1979","journal-title":"J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.3989\/gya.095307","article-title":"Loss in tocopherols and oxidative stability during the frying of frozen cassava chips","volume":"60","author":"Corsini","year":"2009","journal-title":"Grasas Aceites"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.1007\/s11745-004-1327-y","article-title":"Separation of vitamin E (tocopherol, tocotrienol, and tocomonoenol) in palm oil","volume":"39","author":"Ng","year":"2004","journal-title":"Lipids"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.86","article-title":"Rice antioxidants: Phenolic acids, flavonoids, anthocyanins, proanthocyanidins, tocopherols, tocotrienols, \u03b3-oryzanol, and phytic acid","volume":"2","author":"Goufo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.3989\/gya.2006.v57.i2.38","article-title":"Composition of tocopherols in sesame seed oil: An indicative of adulteration","volume":"57","author":"Takemoto","year":"2006","journal-title":"Grasas Aceites"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02540500","article-title":"Analysis of tocopherols and phytosterols in vegetable-oils by HPLC with evaporative light-scattering detection","volume":"67","author":"Warner","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1002\/biof.1096","article-title":"Mediterranean diet and health","volume":"39","author":"Sofi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biofactors"},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Cook, R.W. (2014). Peanuts: Production, Nutritional Content and Health Implications, Nova Science Publishers."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2014.10.025","article-title":"Bioactive compounds of the lipid fractions of agro-industrial waste","volume":"66","author":"Jorge","year":"2014","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1590\/S1516-89132012000100016","article-title":"Yellow passion fruit seed oil (Passiflora edulis F. flavicarpa): Physical and chemical characteristics","volume":"55","author":"Malacrida","year":"2012","journal-title":"Braz. Arch. Biol. Technol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1590\/S0101-20612011000400016","article-title":"Characterization of a high oleic oil extracted from papaya (Carica papaya L.) seeds","volume":"31","author":"Malacrida","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ciencia Tecnol. Aliment."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.3136\/fstr.18.399","article-title":"Phytochemicals and antioxidant activity of citrus seed oils","volume":"18","author":"Malacrida","year":"2012","journal-title":"Food Sci. Technol. Res."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1007\/s11746-009-1526-9","article-title":"The antioxidant functions of tocopherol and tocotrienol homologues in oils, fats, and food systems","volume":"87","author":"Seppanen","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5410","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.6b01821","article-title":"Chemical characteristics of cold-pressed blackberry, black raspberry, and blueberry seed oils and the role of the minor components in their oxidative stability","volume":"64","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.4630","article-title":"Fatty acids and bioactive compounds of the pulps and kernels of Brazilian palm species, guariroba (Syagrus oleraces), jeriv\u00e1 (Syagrus romanzoffiana) and maca\u00faba (Acrocomia aculeata)","volume":"92","author":"Coimbra","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Sci. Food Agric."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2013.06.005","article-title":"Physicochemical and bioactive properties of Hymenaea courbaril L. pulp and seed lipid fraction","volume":"49","author":"Dias","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2012.05.027","article-title":"Bioactive substance contents and antioxidant capacity of the lipid fraction of Annona crassiflora Mart. seeds","volume":"42","author":"Luzia","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1590\/S0101-20612011000200034","article-title":"Antioxidant activity, fatty acid profile and tocopherols of Tamarindus indica L. Seeds","volume":"31","author":"Luzia","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ciencia Tecnol. Aliment."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2015.06.002","article-title":"Screening of the chemical composition and occurring antioxidants in jabuticaba (Myrciaria jaboticaba) and jussara (Euterpe edulis) fruits and their fractions","volume":"17","author":"Inada","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.105","article-title":"Sensory descriptive quantitative analysis of unpasteurized and pasteurized ju\u00e7ara pulp (Euterpe edulis) during long-term storage","volume":"2","author":"Casemiro","year":"2014","journal-title":"Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2016.04.011","article-title":"Non-fermented and fermented jabuticaba (Myrciaria cauliflora Mart.) pomaces as valuable sources of functional ingredients","volume":"208","author":"Morales","year":"2016","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2010.12.039","article-title":"A high-performance liquid chromatography method to measure tocopherols in assai pulp (Euterpe oleracea)","volume":"44","author":"Darnet","year":"2011","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C1156","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750-3841.2011.02358.x","article-title":"Characterization of the pulp and kernel oils from Syagrus oleracea, Syagrus romanzoffiana, and Acrocomia aculeata","volume":"76","author":"Coimbra","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Montoya, C., Cochard, B., Flori, A., Cros, D., Lopes, R., Cuellar, T., Espeout, S., Syaputra, I., Villeneuve, P., and Pina, M. (2014). Genetic architecture of palm oil fatty acid composition in cultivated oil palm (Elaeis guineensis jacq.) compared to its wild relative E. oleifera (HBK) cortes. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0095412"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S395","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2621.2005.tb11462.x","article-title":"Potato chip quality and frying oil stability of high oleic acid soybean oil","volume":"70","author":"Warner","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1007\/s11746-008-1256-4","article-title":"Oxidative stability of conventional and high-oleic vegetable oils with added antioxidants","volume":"85","author":"Merrill","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1262","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2009.07.058","article-title":"Chemometric approach to fatty acid profiles in Runner-type peanut cultivars by principal component analysis (PCA)","volume":"119","author":"Shin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1007\/s11947-012-1033-0","article-title":"Storage stability of whole and nibbed, conventional and high oleic peanuts (Arachis hypogeae L.)","volume":"7","author":"Wilkin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Food Bioprocess Technol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plantsci.2015.08.013","article-title":"Molecular breeding for introgression of fatty acid desaturase mutant alleles (ahFAD2A and ahFAD2B) enhances oil quality in high and low oil containing peanut genotypes","volume":"242","author":"Janila","year":"2016","journal-title":"Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1007\/s11746-999-0025-3","article-title":"Effect of genetic modification on the distribution of minor constituents in canola oil","volume":"76","author":"Abidi","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1505","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02577844","article-title":"Assessment of olive oil adulteration by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography amperometric detection of tocopherols and tocotrienols","volume":"72","author":"Dionisi","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1030","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.109.146282","article-title":"Soybean oil: Genetic approaches for modification of functionality and total content","volume":"151","author":"Clemente","year":"2009","journal-title":"Plant Physiol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1021\/jf104012z","article-title":"Antioxidant activity and inhibition of lipid peroxidation in germinating seeds of transgenic soybean expressing OsHGGT","volume":"59","author":"Kim","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2014.11.040","article-title":"Characterisation of fatty acid, carotenoid, tocopherol\/tocotrienol compositions and antioxidant activities in seeds of three Chenopodium quinoa Wild genotypes","volume":"174","author":"Tang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.1007\/s11746-000-0160-z","article-title":"Facile purification of tocopherols from soybean oil deodorizer distillate in high yield using lipase","volume":"77","author":"Shimada","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4067","DOI":"10.1039\/b922183m","article-title":"Lipid oxidation and improving the oxidative stability","volume":"39","author":"Shahidi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1479","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2012.03.059","article-title":"Gamma-oryzanol and tocopherol contents in residues of rice bran oil refining","volume":"134","author":"Zambiazi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"21","article-title":"Oat tocols\u2014Concentration and stability in oat products and distribution within the kernel","volume":"72","author":"Peterson","year":"1995","journal-title":"Cereal Chem."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1094\/CCHEM-84-6-0587","article-title":"Tocopherols and tocotrienols in barley oil prepared from germ and other fractions from scarification and sieving of hulless barley","volume":"84","author":"Moreau","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cereal Chem."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1145","DOI":"10.1007\/s13197-013-1119-3","article-title":"Studies on the nutraceuticals composition of wheat derived oils wheat bran oil and wheat germ oil","volume":"52","author":"Kumar","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2014.07.098","article-title":"Antioxidant activities of annatto and palm tocotrienol-rich fractions in fish oil and structured lipid-based infant formula emulsion","volume":"168","author":"Zou","year":"2015","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1007\/s12161-014-9929-0","article-title":"Rapid reversed-phase chromatographic method for determination of eight vitamin E isomers and \u03b3-oryzanols in rice bran and rice bran oil","volume":"8","author":"Shammugasamy","year":"2015","journal-title":"Food Anal. Methods"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2011.606379","article-title":"Minor components in food oils: A critical review of their roles on lipid oxidation chemistry in bulk oils and emulsions","volume":"51","author":"Chen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2016.03.018","article-title":"Modeling the impact of residual fat-soluble vitamin (FSV) contents on the oxidative stability of commercially refined vegetable oils","volume":"84","author":"Nagy","year":"2016","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2108","DOI":"10.1021\/jf00046a007","article-title":"Antioxidant activity of \u03b1- and \u03b3-tocopherols in bulk oils and in oil-in-water emulsions","volume":"42","author":"Huang","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1759","DOI":"10.1007\/s11746-011-1853-5","article-title":"Oxidation of corn oils with spiked tocols","volume":"88","author":"Dolde","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.1002\/1438-9312(200111)103:11<746::AID-EJLT746>3.0.CO;2-P","article-title":"Antioxidative potential of tocotrienols and tocopherols in coconut fat at different oxidation temperatures","volume":"103","author":"Wagner","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eur. J. Lipid Sci. Tech."},{"key":"ref_73","first-page":"63","article-title":"Antioxidant activities of palm vitamin E with special reference to tocotrienols","volume":"1","author":"Top","year":"1989","journal-title":"Elaeis"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2016.06.101","article-title":"Antioxidative and prooxidative effects in food lipids and synergism with \u03b1-tocopherol of a\u00e7a\u00ed seed extracts and grape rachis extracts","volume":"213","author":"Melo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-4522.2000.tb00167.x","article-title":"Tocopherols and phospholipids enhance the oxidative stability of borage and evening primrose triacylglycerols","volume":"7","author":"Khan","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Food Lipids"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2369","DOI":"10.1021\/jf062675c","article-title":"Ascorbyl palmitate, gamma-tocopherol, and edta affect lipid oxidation in fish oil enriched salad dressing differently","volume":"55","author":"Let","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2015.01.073","article-title":"Oxidative stability of structured lipid-based infant formula emulsion: Effect of antioxidants","volume":"178","author":"Zou","year":"2015","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2013.03.034","article-title":"Comparison of the activities of hydrophilic anthocyanins and lipophilic tocols in black rice bran against lipid oxidation","volume":"141","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1002\/ejlt.201400182","article-title":"Tocopherol and tocotrienol homologs in parenteral lipid emulsions","volume":"117","author":"Xu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Lipid Sci. Tech."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1177\/0148607114547537","article-title":"Distribution of tocopherols and tocotrienols in guinea pig tissues following parenteral lipid emulsion infusion","volume":"40","author":"Xu","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Parenter. Enter. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1039\/c3fo30360h","article-title":"Controlling lipid oxidation of food by active packaging technologies","volume":"4","author":"Tian","year":"2013","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2008.05.094","article-title":"Additions of caffeic acid, ascorbyl palmitate or \u03b3-tocopherol to fish oil-enriched energy bars affect lipid oxidation differently","volume":"112","author":"Horn","year":"2009","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2621.1998.tb15708.x","article-title":"Lipid peroxidation in chicken meat during chilled storage as affected by antioxidants combined with low-dose gamma irradiation","volume":"63","author":"Kanatt","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2012.09.036","article-title":"Development of antioxidant active films containing tocopherols to extend the shelf life of fish","volume":"31","author":"Cruz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Food Control"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3492","DOI":"10.1021\/jf2045813","article-title":"Release kinetics of tocopherol and quercetin from binary antioxidant controlled-release packaging films","volume":"60","author":"Chen","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fpsl.2014.04.002","article-title":"Development of biodegradable films with antioxidant properties based on polyesters containing \u03b1-tocopherol and olive leaf extract for food packaging applications","volume":"1","author":"Marcos","year":"2014","journal-title":"Food Packag. Shelf Life"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1218(91)90123-4","article-title":"Carcinogenic N-nitrosamines in the diet: Occurrence, formation, mechanisms and carcinogenic potential","volume":"259","author":"Tricker","year":"1991","journal-title":"Mutat. Res.\/Genet. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meatsci.2013.05.038","article-title":"Oxidation in HiOx-packaged pork Longissimus muscle predisposes myofibrillar and sarcoplasmic proteins to N-nitrosamine formation in nitrite-curing solution","volume":"95","author":"Yang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Meat Sci."},{"key":"ref_89","first-page":"301","article-title":"Further factors influencing N-nitrosamine formation in bacon","volume":"57","author":"Gray","year":"1984","journal-title":"IARC Sci. Publ."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/0015-6264(80)90063-2","article-title":"Effect of malondialdehyde on nitrosamine formation","volume":"18","author":"Kurechi","year":"1980","journal-title":"Food Cosmet. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1021\/jf60217a046","article-title":"Inhibition of formation of volatile nitrosamines in fried bacon by the use of cure-solubilized \u03b1-tocopherol","volume":"26","author":"Fiddler","year":"1978","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2014.09.022","article-title":"Effects of plant polyphenols and \u03b1-tocopherol on lipid oxidation, residual nitrites, biogenic amines, and N-nitrosamines formation during ripening and storage of dry-cured bacon","volume":"60","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"LWT\u2014Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1016\/S0309-1740(02)00042-6","article-title":"Inhibition of mutagenic N-nitroso compound formation in sausage samples by using L-ascorbic acid and \u03b1-tocopherol","volume":"62","author":"Pourazrang","year":"2002","journal-title":"Meat Sci."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1080\/10408399709527789","article-title":"Unraveling the chemical identity of meat pigments","volume":"37","author":"Pegg","year":"1997","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1016\/S0308-8146(01)00286-2","article-title":"Ability of \u03b1-tocopherol, taurine and rosemary, in combination with vitamin C, to increase the oxidative stability of beef steaks packaged in modified atmosphere","volume":"76","author":"Djenane","year":"2002","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6379","DOI":"10.1021\/jf070124w","article-title":"Effects of oxidized dietary oil and vitamin E supplementation on lipid profile and oxidation of muscle and liver of juvenile atlantic cod (Gadus morhua)","volume":"55","author":"Zhong","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2012.08.069","article-title":"Fabrication of vitamin E-enriched nanoemulsions: Factors affecting particle size using spontaneous emulsification","volume":"391","author":"Saberi","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2003.10.009","article-title":"New perspectives on vitamin E: \u03b3-tocopherol and carboxyethylhydroxychroman metabolites in biology and medicine","volume":"36","author":"Hensley","year":"2004","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mam.2007.01.003","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory properties of \u03b1- and \u03b3-tocopherol","volume":"28","author":"Reiter","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mol. Asp. Med."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(05)70097-1","article-title":"Intake of vitamin E, vitamin C, and carotenoids and the risk of Parkinson\u2019s disease: A meta-analysis","volume":"4","author":"Etminan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-2012-120349","article-title":"Dietary intakes of vitamin E, vitamin C, and beta-carotene and risk of Alzheimer\u2019s disease: A meta-analysis","volume":"31","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"ref_102","first-page":"1101","article-title":"Chemical changes and oxidative stability of peanuts as affected by the dry-blanching","volume":"8","author":"Shahidi","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacl.2012.10.005","article-title":"Hazelnut-enriched diet improves cardiovascular risk biomarkers beyond a lipid-lowering effect in hypercholesterolemic subjects","volume":"7","author":"Orem","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clin. Lipidol."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2014.04.055","article-title":"Effects of \u03b3-irradiation on the \u03b1-tocopherol and fatty acids content of raw unpeeled almond kernels (Prunus dulcis)","volume":"59","author":"Pitonzo","year":"2014","journal-title":"LWT\u2014Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_105","unstructured":"Cook, R.W. (2014). Peanuts: Production, Nutritional Content and Health Implications, Nova Science Publishers."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1007\/s11746-009-1411-6","article-title":"Effects of temperature and UV light on degradation of \u03b1-tocopherol in free and dissolved form","volume":"86","author":"Sabliov","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2015.05.069","article-title":"pH dependent antioxidant activity of lettuce (L. sativa) and synergism with added phenolic antioxidants","volume":"190","author":"Altunkaya","year":"2016","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2012.11.013","article-title":"Antioxidant synergism between ethanolic centella asiatica extracts and \u03b1-tocopherol in model systems","volume":"138","author":"Thoo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_109","first-page":"1208","article-title":"Influence of Lentinus edodes and Agaricus blazei extracts on the prevention of oxidation and retention of tocopherols in soybean oil in an accelerated storage test","volume":"51","author":"Jorge","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2011.03.007","article-title":"Determination of antioxidant activity in free and hydrolyzed fractions of millet grains and characterization of their phenolic profiles by HPLC-DAD-ESI-MSn","volume":"3","author":"Chandrasekara","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2016.05.047","article-title":"Enzyme-assisted extraction of phenolics from winemaking by-products: Antioxidant potential and inhibition of alpha-glucosidase and lipase activities","volume":"212","author":"Biasoto","year":"2016","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1542","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2010.08.016","article-title":"Cytoprotective effects of vitamin E homologues against glutamate-induced cell death in immature primary cortical neuron cultures: Tocopherols and tocotrienols exert similar effects by antioxidant function","volume":"49","author":"Saito","year":"2010","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13830","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.240462697","article-title":"Increased atherosclerosis in hyperlipidemic mice deficient in \u03b1-tocopherol transfer protein and vitamin E","volume":"97","author":"Terasawa","year":"2000","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-5793(97)00499-7","article-title":"Affinity for \u03b1-tocopherol transfer protein as a determinant of the biological activities of vitamin E analogs","volume":"409","author":"Hosomi","year":"1997","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1070","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.115.118570","article-title":"Alpha-tocopherol bioavailability is lower in adults with metabolic syndrome regardless of dairy fat co-ingestion: A randomized, double-blind, crossover trial","volume":"102","author":"Mah","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2014.01.001","article-title":"Human oral bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of tocotrienols from tocotrienol-rich (tocopherol-low) barley oil and palm oil formulations","volume":"7","author":"Drotleff","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5018","DOI":"10.1021\/jf070072a","article-title":"Antioxidative and antiproliferative properties of selected barley (Hordeum vulgarae L.) cultivars and their potential for inhibition of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol oxidation","volume":"55","author":"Madhujith","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1006\/abbi.1995.1473","article-title":"Polyphenolic flavanols as scavengers of aqueous phase radicals and as chain-breaking antioxidants","volume":"322","author":"Salah","year":"1995","journal-title":"Arch. Biochem. Biophys."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2011.08.003","article-title":"Antioxidant and antiviral activities of lipophilic epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) derivatives","volume":"4","author":"Zhong","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10102","DOI":"10.1021\/ja301680m","article-title":"How lipid unsaturation, peroxyl radical partitioning, and chromanol lipophilic tail affect the antioxidant activity of \u03b1-tocopherol: Direct visualization via high-throughput fluorescence studies conducted with fluorogenic \u03b1-tocopherol analogues","volume":"134","author":"Krumova","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/S1360-1385(97)01018-2","article-title":"Antioxidant properties of phenolic compounds","volume":"2","author":"Miller","year":"1997","journal-title":"Trends Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.15.2.190","article-title":"The effect of \u03b1-tocopherol supplementation on LDL oxidation: A dose-response study","volume":"15","author":"Jialal","year":"1995","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1388","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2007.06.019","article-title":"The relationship between dose of vitamin E and suppression of oxidative stress in humans","volume":"43","author":"Oates","year":"2007","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2015.01.008","article-title":"Supplementation with vitamin E alone is associated with reduced myocardial infarction: A meta-analysis","volume":"25","author":"Loffredo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutr. Metab. Cardiovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_125","unstructured":"World Health Organization Cardiovascular Disease. Available online: http:\/\/www.who.int\/cardiovascular_diseases\/en\/."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3217","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.94.7.3217","article-title":"Gamma-tocopherol traps mutagenic electrophiles such as NOx and complements alpha-tocopherol: Physiological implications","volume":"94","author":"Christen","year":"1997","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/S0300-483X(03)00329-9","article-title":"DNA fragmentation, apoptosis and cell cycle arrest induced by zearalenone in cultured DOK, Vero and Caco-2 cells: Prevention by vitamin E","volume":"192","author":"Baudrimont","year":"2003","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Campbell, S.E., Stone, W.L., Lee, S., Whaley, S., Yang, H.S., Qui, M., Goforth, P., Sherman, D., McHaffie, D., and Krishnan, K. (2006). Comparative effects of RRR-alpha- and RRR-gamma-tocopherol on proliferation and apoptosis in human colon cancer cell lines. BMC Cancer, 6.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2407-6-13"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2015.06.018","article-title":"Targeting delivery of tocopherol and doxorubicin grafted-chitosan polymeric micelles for cancer therapy: In vitro and in vivo evaluation","volume":"133","author":"Nam","year":"2015","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. B"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8930","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.5b04388","article-title":"HPLC separation of vitamin E and its oxidation products and effects of oxidized tocotrienols on the viability of MCF-7 breast cancer cells in vitro","volume":"63","author":"Drotleff","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1255","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.113.061069","article-title":"Calcium and alpha-tocopherol suppress cured-meat promotion of chemically induced colon carcinogenesis in rats and reduce associated biomarkers in human volunteers","volume":"98","author":"Pierre","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kong, P.F., Cai, Q.Q., Geng, Q.R., Wang, J., Lan, Y.D., Zhan, Y.Q., and Xu, D.Z. (2014). Vitamin intake reduce the risk of gastric cancer: Meta-analysis and systematic review of randomized and observational studies. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0116060"},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.28641","article-title":"Effects of \u03b1-tocopherol and \u03b2-carotene supplementation on cancer incidence and mortality: 18-year postintervention follow-up of the alpha-tocopherol, beta-carotene cancer prevention study","volume":"135","author":"Virtamo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1250","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198611133152003","article-title":"Serum beta-carotene, vitamins A and E, selenium, and the risk of lung cancer","volume":"315","author":"Menkes","year":"1986","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1080\/01635589909514744","article-title":"Induction of apoptosis in human breast cancer cells by tocopherols and tocotrienols","volume":"33","author":"Yu","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nutr. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2005.06.036","article-title":"Tumor suppressive effects of tocotrienol in vivo and in vitro","volume":"229","author":"Wada","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cancer Lett."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2012.09.147","article-title":"Alteration of \u03b1-tocopherol-associated protein (TAP) expression in human breast epithelial cells during breast cancer development","volume":"138","author":"Tam","year":"2013","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1007\/s00432-014-1852-7","article-title":"The plasma level of retinol, vitamins A, C and \u03b1-tocopherol could reduce breast cancer risk? A meta-analysis and meta-regression","volume":"141","author":"Hu","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Cancer Res. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2004.12.003","article-title":"Doxorubicin hepatotoxicity and hepatic free radical metabolism in rats: The effects of vitamin E and catechin","volume":"209","author":"Kalender","year":"2005","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S544","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/127.3.544S","article-title":"Inhibition of proliferation of estrogen receptor-negative MDA-MB-435 and -positive MCF-7 human breast cancer cells by palm oil tocotrienols and tamoxifen, alone and in combination","volume":"127","author":"Guthrie","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2117","DOI":"10.1007\/s11095-016-1950-0","article-title":"The vitamin E analog gamma-tocotrienol (Gt3) suppresses radiation-induced cytogenetic damage","volume":"33","author":"Pathak","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pharm. Res."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.200900119","article-title":"Vitamin E tocotrienols improve insulin sensitivity through activating peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors","volume":"54","author":"Fang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfma.2013.08.003","article-title":"Tocopherol from seeds of Cucurbita pepo against diabetes: Validation by in vivo experiments supported by computational docking","volume":"112","author":"Bharti","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Formos. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2796.1999.00416.x","article-title":"Low vitamin E status is a potential risk factor for insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus","volume":"245","author":"Knekt","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2014.11.018","article-title":"Vitamin E has a beneficial effect on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"31","author":"Sato","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1007\/s11695-008-9686-5","article-title":"Retinol and alpha-tocopherol in morbid obesity and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"20","author":"Balsa","year":"2010","journal-title":"Obes. Surg."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(99)70409-9","article-title":"Comparison of serum concentrations of \u03b1-tocopherol and \u03b2-carotene in a cross-sectional sample of obese and nonobese children (NHANES III)","volume":"134","author":"Strauss","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1089\/109662004322984699","article-title":"Effects of tocopherols and tocotrienols on body composition and bone calcium content in adrenalectomized rats replaced with dexamethasone","volume":"7","author":"Suhaniza","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Med. Food."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.108.096131","article-title":"Tocotrienol suppresses adipocyte differentiation and Akt phosphorylation in 3t3-L1 preadipocytes","volume":"139","author":"Ohmori","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1681","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-5849(02)01143-7","article-title":"Geometrical isomerism of monounsaturated fatty acids: Thiyl radical catalysis and influence of antioxidant vitamins","volume":"33","author":"Chatgilialoglu","year":"2002","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1601","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra054035","article-title":"Trans fatty acids and cardiovascular disease","volume":"354","author":"Mozaffarian","year":"2006","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2016.05.006","article-title":"Endogenous formation of trans fatty acids: Health implications and potential dietary intervention","volume":"25","author":"Hung","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1189","DOI":"10.1021\/jf305086j","article-title":"Enzymatic production of zero-trans plastic fat rich in \u03b1-linolenic acid and medium-chain fatty acids from highly hydrogenated soybean oil, cinnamomum camphora seed oil, and perilla oil by lipozyme TL IM","volume":"61","author":"Zhao","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.1007\/s11746-001-0374-0","article-title":"Deodorization of vegetable oils: Prediction of trans polyunsaturated fatty acid content","volume":"78","author":"Recseg","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.1999.1422","article-title":"Oxidation of tetrahydrobiopterin by peroxynitrite: Implications for vascular endothelial function","volume":"263","author":"Milstien","year":"1999","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1367","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2004.11.050","article-title":"Gamma-tocopherol may promote effective no synthase function by protecting tetrahydrobiopterin from peroxynitrite","volume":"69","author":"McCarty","year":"2007","journal-title":"Med. Hypotheses"},{"key":"ref_157","unstructured":"International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) World Cancer Factsheet. Available online: http:\/\/publications.cancerresearchuk.org\/downloads\/Product\/CS_REPORT_WORLD.pdf."},{"key":"ref_158","unstructured":"Cook, R.W. (2014). Peanuts: Production, Nutritional Content and Health Implications, Nova Science Publishers."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/19393210.2015.1048538","article-title":"Aflatoxin M1 in raw milk from different regions of S\u00e3o Paulo state\u2014Brazil","volume":"8","author":"Santili","year":"2015","journal-title":"Food Addit. Contam. B"},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1080\/19393210.2016.1152598","article-title":"Co-occurrence and distribution of deoxynivalenol, nivalenol and zearalenone in wheat from Brazil","volume":"9","author":"Bernardi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Food Addit. Contam. B"},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1007\/s11046-007-9014-y","article-title":"Analysis of DNA damage induced by aflatoxin B1 in Dunkin-Hartley guinea pigs","volume":"163","author":"Miranda","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mycopathologia"},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10752","DOI":"10.1021\/jf504058f","article-title":"Potent inhibitory effect of \u03b4-tocopherol on prostate cancer cells cultured in vitro and grown as xenograft tumors in vivo","volume":"62","author":"Huang","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meatsci.2011.04.009","article-title":"Red meat and colon cancer: Should we become vegetarians, or can we make meat safer?","volume":"89","author":"Corpet","year":"2011","journal-title":"Meat Sci."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chembiol.2013.04.007","article-title":"DNA-damaging agents in cancer chemotherapy: Serendipity and chemical biology","volume":"20","author":"Giaever","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chem. Biol."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/S1734-1140(09)70018-0","article-title":"Anthracycline-induced cardiotoxicity: Overview of studies examining the roles of oxidative stress and free cellular iron","volume":"61","author":"Hrdina","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6584","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.6b02950","article-title":"Phenolic compounds of pomegranate by-products (outer skin, mesocarp, divider membrane) and their antioxidant activities","volume":"64","author":"Ambigaipalan","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/0921-8734(89)90019-2","article-title":"Age-dependent decline in rejoining of X-ray-induced DNA double-strand breaks in normal human lymphocytes","volume":"219","author":"Mayer","year":"1989","journal-title":"Mutat. Res."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/0921-8734(90)90018-M","article-title":"DNA damage and repair with age in individual human lymphocytes","volume":"237","author":"Singh","year":"1990","journal-title":"Mutat. Res."},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/0921-8734(94)90011-6","article-title":"Effect of diet and vitamin C on DNA strand breakage in freshly-isolated human white blood cells","volume":"316","author":"Green","year":"1994","journal-title":"Mutat. Res."},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"862","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2014.09.144","article-title":"Phenolic profiles of 20 canadian lentil cultivars and their contribution to antioxidant activity and inhibitory effects on \u03b1-glucosidase and pancreatic lipase","volume":"172","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2016.03.009","article-title":"Bioactivity-guided isolation and purification of \u03b1-glucosidase inhibitor, 6-O-D-glycosides, from tinta C\u00e3o grape pomace","volume":"23","author":"Sun","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2804","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980014003115","article-title":"Vitamin E and risk of age-related cataract: A meta-analysis","volume":"18","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr."},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2015.10.037","article-title":"Oligomeric proanthocyanidins are the active compounds in Abelmoschus esculentus Moench for its \u03b1-amylase and \u03b1-glucosidase inhibition activity","volume":"20","author":"Lu","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2172","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.25.12.2172","article-title":"Plasma and dietary vitamin E in relation to incidence of type 2 diabetes\u2014The insulin resistance and atherosclerosis study (IRAS)","volume":"25","author":"Costacou","year":"2002","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1002\/dmrr.196","article-title":"The role of oxidative stress in the onset and progression of diabetes and its complications: Asummary of a congress series sponsored by UNESCO-MCBN, the American Diabetes Association and the German Diabetes Society","volume":"17","author":"Nawroth","year":"2001","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_176","unstructured":"World Health Organization Obesity. Available online: http:\/\/www.who.int\/topics\/obesity\/en\/."},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/75.6.971","article-title":"Trends of obesity and underweight in older children and adolescents in the United States, Brazil, China, and Russia","volume":"75","author":"Wang","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1949","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)60135-9","article-title":"Chronic non-communicable diseases in Brazil: Burden and current challenges","volume":"377","author":"Schmidt","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/81.3.714","article-title":"Overweight exceeds underweight among women in most developing countries","volume":"81","author":"Mendez","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881S","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/131.3.881S","article-title":"Independent effects of income and education on the risk of obesity in the Brazilian adult population","volume":"131","author":"Monteiro","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2007.05.013","article-title":"Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"17","author":"Adams","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, L., Fang, X., Marshall, M.R., and Chung, S. (2016). Regulation of obesity and metabolic complications by gamma and delta tocotrienols. Molecules, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules21030344"},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.3177\/jnsv.46.119","article-title":"Vitamin E level changes in serum and red blood cells due to acute exhaustive exercise in collegiate women","volume":"46","author":"Kawai","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Sci. Vitaminol."},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2008.05.003","article-title":"Trans-arachidonic acids: New mediators of nitro-oxidative stress","volume":"119","author":"Balazy","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1549","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2005.12.021","article-title":"Occurrence of trans fatty acids in rats fed a trans-free diet: A free radical-mediated formation?","volume":"40","author":"Zambonin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2007.10.034","article-title":"Effect of radical stress and ageing on the occurrence of trans fatty acids in rats fed a trans-free diet","volume":"44","author":"Zambonin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ferreri, C., Costantino, C., Chatgilialoglu, C., Landi, L., and Mulazzani, Q.G. (1999). The thiyl radical-mediated isomerization of cis-monounsaturated fatty acid residues in phospholipids: A novel path of membrane damage?. Chem. Commun., 407\u2013408.","DOI":"10.1039\/a809674k"},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4459","DOI":"10.1021\/ja0040969","article-title":"Cis-trans isomerization of polyunsaturated fatty acid residues in phospholipids catalyzed by thiyl radicals","volume":"123","author":"Ferreri","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_189","first-page":"343","article-title":"Protection of liposomal lipids against radiation-induced oxidative damage","volume":"35","author":"Konings","year":"1979","journal-title":"Int. J. Radiat. Biol."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/17\/10\/1745\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T19:33:32Z","timestamp":1760211212000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/17\/10\/1745"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,20]]},"references-count":189,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,10]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms17101745"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms17101745","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,20]]}}}