{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T10:20:40Z","timestamp":1776421240386,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,22]],"date-time":"2016-10-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1477094400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81170736"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81170736"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81570715"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81570715"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation for Young Scholars of China","award":["81300649"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81300649"]}]},{"name":"China Scholarship Council foundation","award":["201308110443"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["201308110443"]}]},{"name":"PUMC Youth Fund","award":["33320140022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["33320140022"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"the Scientific Activities Foundation for Selected Returned Overseas Professionals of Human Resources and Social Security Ministry"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2016YFA0101002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016YFA0101002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>An adverse intrauterine environment, induced by a chromium-restricted diet, is a potential cause of metabolic disease in adult life. Up to now, the relative mechanism has not been clear. C57BL female mice were time-mated and fed either a control diet (CD), or a chromium-restricted diet (CR) throughout pregnancy and the lactation period. After weaning, some offspring continued the diet diagram (CD-CD or CR-CR), while other offspring were transferred to another diet diagram (CD-CR or CR-CD). At 32 weeks of age, glucose metabolism parameters were measured, and the liver from CR-CD group and CD-CD group was analyzed using a gene array. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and Western blot were used to verify the result of the gene array. A maternal chromium-restricted diet resulted in obesity, hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, increased area under the curve (AUC) of glucose in oral glucose tolerance testing and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). There were 463 genes that differed significantly (&gt;1.5-fold change, p &lt; 0.05) between CR-CD offspring (264 up-regulated genes, 199 down-regulated genes) and control offspring. The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway and STRING (Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes\/Proteins) analysis revealed that the insulin signaling pathway and Wnt signaling pathway were in the center of the gene network. Our study provides the first evidence that maternal chromium deficiency influences glucose metabolism in pups through the regulation of insulin signaling and Wnt signaling pathways.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms17101767","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,24]],"date-time":"2016-10-24T10:46:39Z","timestamp":1477305999000},"page":"1767","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Maternal Chromium Restriction Leads to Glucose Metabolism Imbalance in Mice Offspring through Insulin Signaling and Wnt Signaling Pathways"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Qian","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Translational Medicine Centre, Ministry of Health, Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaofang","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xinhua","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Translational Medicine Centre, Ministry of Health, Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jia","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Translational Medicine Centre, Ministry of Health, Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ming","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Translational Medicine Centre, Ministry of Health, Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Miao","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Translational Medicine Centre, Ministry of Health, Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fan","family":"Ping","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Translational Medicine Centre, Ministry of Health, Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhixin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Translational Medicine Centre, Ministry of Health, Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cuijuan","family":"Qi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Translational Medicine Centre, Ministry of Health, Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Translational Medicine Centre, Ministry of Health, Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaojing","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Translational Medicine Centre, Ministry of Health, Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2886","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2008.886","article-title":"Birth weight and risk of type 2 diabetes: A systematic review","volume":"300","author":"Whincup","year":"2008","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2085","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-012-2589-y","article-title":"The thrifty phenotype hypothesis revisited","volume":"55","author":"Vaag","year":"2012","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.303.6809.1019","article-title":"Fetal and infant growth and impaired glucose tolerance at age 64","volume":"303","author":"Hales","year":"1991","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1159\/000209222","article-title":"Maternal perinatal 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