{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T21:41:34Z","timestamp":1790372494284,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":149,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,17]],"date-time":"2016-12-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1481932800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81572628"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81572628"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81671928"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81671928"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"NHMRC Postgraduate Research Scholarship"},{"name":"NHMRC Senior Research Fellowship"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is a chronic inflammatory disease primarily affecting the sacroiliac joints and the spine, for which the pathogenesis is thought to be a result of the combination of host genetic factors and environmental triggers. However, the precise factors that determine one\u2019s susceptibility to AS remain to be unraveled. With 100 trillion bacteria residing in the mammalian gut having established a symbiotic relation with their host influencing many aspects of host metabolism, physiology, and immunity, a growing body of evidence suggests that intestinal microbiota may play an important role in AS. Several mechanisms have been suggested to explain the potential role of the microbiome in the etiology of AS, such as alterations of intestinal permeability, stimulation of immune responses, and molecular mimicry. In this review, the existing evidence for the involvement of the microbiome in AS pathogenesis was discussed and the potential of intestinal microbiome-targeting strategies in the prevention and treatment of AS was evaluated.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms17122126","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,23]],"date-time":"2016-12-23T04:09:09Z","timestamp":1482466149000},"page":"2126","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":58,"title":["A Possible Role of Intestinal Microbiota in the Pathogenesis of Ankylosing Spondylitis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Lianjun","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Academy of Orthopedics of Guangdong Province, Orthopaedic Hospital of Guangdong Province, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510630, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9355-1167","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liping","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academy of Orthopedics of Guangdong Province, Orthopaedic Hospital of Guangdong Province, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510630, China"},{"name":"Sansom Institute for Health Research and School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide SA5001, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane QLD4059, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8467-2845","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cory","family":"Xian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academy of Orthopedics of Guangdong Province, Orthopaedic Hospital of Guangdong Province, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510630, China"},{"name":"Sansom Institute for Health Research and School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide SA5001, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hai","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academy of Orthopedics of Guangdong Province, Orthopaedic Hospital of Guangdong Province, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510630, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keg482","article-title":"Comparative immune responses to candidate arthritogenic bacteria do not confirm a dominant role for Klebsiella pneumonia in the pathogenesis of familial ankylosing spondylitis","volume":"43","author":"Stone","year":"2004","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.5152\/eurjrheumatol.2014.034","article-title":"Neutrophil lymphocyte ratio can be a valuable marker in defining disease activity in patients who have started anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF) drugs for ankylosing spondylitis","volume":"1","author":"Coskun","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.5152\/eurjrheum.2015.0031","article-title":"Oxidative stress and related factors in patients with ankylosing spondylitis","volume":"3","author":"Solmaz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2013-204436","article-title":"Prevalence of spondyloarthritis in reference to HLA-B27 in the French population: Results of the GAZEL cohort","volume":"74","author":"Costantino","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1111\/tan.12238","article-title":"HLA alleles and HLA-B27 haplotypes associated with susceptibility and severity of ankylosing spondylitis in a Portuguese population","volume":"82","author":"Matos","year":"2013","journal-title":"Tissue Antigens"},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"21","article-title":"Early diagnosis crucial in ankylosing spondylitis","volume":"255","author":"Malaviya","year":"2011","journal-title":"Practitioner"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2359","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.180.6.2359","article-title":"The germfree state prevents development of gut and joint inflammatory disease in HLA-B27 transgenic rats","volume":"180","author":"Taurog","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI118878","article-title":"Normal luminal bacteria, especially Bacteroides species, mediate chronic colitis, gastritis, and arthritis in HLA-B27\/human \u03b22 microglobulin transgenic rats","volume":"98","author":"Rath","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2095","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.2095","article-title":"The oral microbiome of patients with axial spondyloarthritis compared to healthy individuals","volume":"4","author":"Bisanz","year":"2016","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ogrendik, M. (2015). Periodontal pathogens are likely to be responsible for the development of ankylosing spondylitis. Curr. Rheumatol. Rev.","DOI":"10.2174\/1573397111666150522094821"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10384-015-0416-y","article-title":"The microbiome, HLA, and the pathogenesis of uveitis","volume":"60","author":"Rosenbaum","year":"2016","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2014.07.005","article-title":"Genetics, environment, and gene-environment interactions in the development of systemic rheumatic diseases","volume":"40","author":"Sparks","year":"2014","journal-title":"Rheum. Dis. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1002\/art.39259","article-title":"Microbiome in inflammatory arthritis and human rheumatic diseases","volume":"68","author":"Scher","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.berh.2015.02.002","article-title":"Role of genetics in infection-associated arthritis","volume":"29","author":"Benham","year":"2015","journal-title":"Best Pract. Res. Clin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.5152\/eurjrheumatol.2014.018","article-title":"Prevalence of hepatitis B and C infections in rheumatoid arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis: A multicenter countrywide study","volume":"1","author":"Yilmaz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1338","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2003.011882","article-title":"Relationship between disease activity and infection in patients with spondyloarthropathies","volume":"63","author":"Martinez","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2969","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.67.6.2969-2974.1999","article-title":"Differential induction of colitis and gastritis in HLA-B27 transgenic rats selectively colonized with Bacteroides vulgatus or Escherichia coli","volume":"67","author":"Rath","year":"1999","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.37.2.146","article-title":"Sequential studies in ankylosing spondylitis. Association of Klebsiella pneumoniae with active disease","volume":"37","author":"Ebringer","year":"1978","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.39.2.118","article-title":"Frequency of fecal Klebsiella aerogenes in patients with ankylosing spondylitis and controls with respect to individual features of the disease","volume":"39","author":"Eastmond","year":"1980","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.56.3.180","article-title":"Association of gut inflammation with increased serum IgA class Klebsiella antibody concentrations in patients with axial ankylosing spondylitis (AS): Implication for different aetiopathogenetic mechanisms for axial and peripheral AS?","volume":"56","author":"Turunen","year":"1997","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"109","article-title":"Antibodies to Klebsiella, Proteus, and HLA-B27 peptides in Japanese patients with ankylosing spondylitis and rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"24","author":"Tani","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"384","article-title":"No conclusive evidence of an epidemiological relation between Klebsiella and ankylosing spondylitis","volume":"18","author":"Vandenbroucke","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"539282","article-title":"Autoimmunity in rheumatic diseases is induced by microbial infections via crossreactivity or molecular mimicry","volume":"2012","author":"Rashid","year":"2012","journal-title":"Autoimmune Dis."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1097\/PPO.0000000000000050","article-title":"Gut microbiome and colorectal adenomas","volume":"20","author":"Dulal","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cancer J."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2016.05.016","article-title":"Gut microbiota and immune crosstalk in metabolic disease","volume":"5","author":"Burcelin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1111\/pedi.12424","article-title":"Modulation of type 1 and type 2 diabetes risk by the intestinal microbiome","volume":"17","author":"Paun","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pediatr. Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.aambs.2016.06.002","article-title":"The Role of the gut microbiome on chronic kidney disease","volume":"96","author":"Pestana","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11582","article-title":"Host-microbe interactions have shaped the genetic architecture of inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"491","author":"Jostins","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Costello, M.E., Ciccia, F., Willner, D., Warrington, N., Robinson, P.C., Gardiner, B., Marshall, M., Kenna, T.J., Triolo, G., and Brown, M.A. (2014). Intestinal dysbiosis in ankylosing spondylitis. Arthritis Rheumatol.","DOI":"10.1002\/art.38967"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-014-3088-x","article-title":"An investigation into the relationship between anti-Helicobacter pylori and anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae antibodies in patients with axial spondyloarthritis and Crohn disease","volume":"35","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rheumatol. Int."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1097\/BOR.0000000000000239","article-title":"Subclinical gut inflammation in ankylosing spondylitis","volume":"28","author":"Ciccia","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2015.05.001","article-title":"Gut microbes, immunity, and spondyloarthritis","volume":"159","author":"Stoll","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tito, R.Y., Cypers, H., Joossens, M., Varkas, G., van Praet, L., Glorieus, E., van den Bosch, F., de Vos, M., Raes, J., and Elewaut, D. (2016). Dialister as microbial marker of disease activity in spondyloarthritis. Arthritis Rheumatol.","DOI":"10.1002\/art.39802"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1097\/BOR.0000000000000299","article-title":"The interaction between host genetics and the microbiome in the pathogenesis of spondyloarthropathies","volume":"28","author":"Asquith","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbspin.2013.02.005","article-title":"Gut metagenome and spondyloarthritis","volume":"80","author":"Schaeverbeke","year":"2013","journal-title":"Jt. Bone Spine"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1186\/ar4228","article-title":"Microbes, the gut and ankylosing spondylitis","volume":"15","author":"Costello","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arthritis Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3195","DOI":"10.1002\/art.30558","article-title":"Time for a gut check: Evidence for the hypothesis that HLA-B27 predisposes to ankylosing spondylitis by altering the microbiome","volume":"63","author":"Rosenbaum","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"26","article-title":"The role of Vitamin D in immuno-inflammatory responses in ankylosing spondylitis patients with and without acute anterior uveitis","volume":"9","author":"Mitulescu","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Med. Life"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-006-0391-2","article-title":"A possible link between Crohn\u2019s disease and ankylosing spondylitis via Klebsiella infections","volume":"26","author":"Ebringer","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03342649","article-title":"The use of a low starch diet in the treatment of patients suffering from ankylosing spondylitis","volume":"15","author":"Ebringer","year":"1996","journal-title":"Clin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1395","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/41.12.1395","article-title":"Comparison of the fecal microflora of patients with ankylosing spondylitis and controls using molecular methods of analysis","volume":"41","author":"Stebbings","year":"2002","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2015-208187","article-title":"Patients with ankylosing spondylitis have been breast fed less often than healthy controls: A case-control retrospective study","volume":"75","author":"Montoya","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humimm.2008.08.296","article-title":"Commensal intestinal bacterial strains trigger ankylosing enthesopathy of the ankle in inbred B10.BR (H-2k) male mice","volume":"69","author":"Inkora","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hum. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin, P., Bach, M., Asquith, M., Lee, A.Y., Akileswaran, L., Stauffer, P., Davin, S., Pan, Y., Cambronne, E.D., and Dorris, M. (2014). HLA-B27 and human \u03b22-microglobulin affect the gut microbiota of transgenic rats. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0105684"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1097\/01.MIB.0000183421.02316.d5","article-title":"Reduction of colitis by prebiotics in HLA-B27 transgenic rats is associated with microflora changes and immunomodulation","volume":"11","author":"Hoentjen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1097\/BOR.0000000000000296","article-title":"Intestinal dysbiosis and innate immune responses in axial spondyloarthritis","volume":"28","author":"Ciccia","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imlet.2004.02.005","article-title":"Commensal bacteria (normal microflora), mucosal immunity and chronic inflammatory and autoimmune diseases","volume":"93","author":"Hudcovic","year":"2004","journal-title":"Immunol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3789","DOI":"10.1039\/C6FO00831C","article-title":"Antidiabetic (type 2) effects of Lactobacillus G15 and Q14 in rats through regulation of intestinal permeability and microbiota","volume":"7","author":"Tian","year":"2016","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morris, G., Berk, M., Carvalho, A.F., Caso, J.R., Sanz, Y., and Maes, M. (2016). The role of microbiota and intestinal permeability in the pathophysiology of autoimmune and neuroimmune processes with an emphasis on inflammatory bowel disease type 1 diabetes and chronic fatigue syndrome. Curr. Pharm. Des.","DOI":"10.2174\/1381612822666160914182822"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/33.7.644","article-title":"Intestinal permeability in patients with ankylosing spondylitis and their healthy relatives","volume":"33","year":"1994","journal-title":"Br. J. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3565(24)35182-1","article-title":"Repeated measurement of intestinal permeability as an assessment of colitis severity in HLA-B27 transgenic rats","volume":"291","author":"Kerr","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-105-6-883","article-title":"Increased intestinal permeability in patients with Crohn\u2019s disease and their relatives. A possible etiologic factor","volume":"105","author":"Hollander","year":"1986","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35014","DOI":"10.1038\/srep35014","article-title":"Lipocalin 2 prevents intestinal inflammation by enhancing phagocytic bacterial clearance in macrophages","volume":"6","author":"Toyonaga","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27634","DOI":"10.1038\/srep27634","article-title":"Diet-dependent, microbiota-independent regulation of IL-10-producing lamina propria macrophages in the small intestine","volume":"6","author":"Ochi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmgh.2016.01.003","article-title":"Intrinsic gastrointestinal macrophages: Their phenotype and role in gastrointestinal motility","volume":"2","author":"Cipriani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"w14293","article-title":"Gastro-intestinal tract: The leading role of mucosal immunity","volume":"146","author":"Steinert","year":"2016","journal-title":"Swiss Med. Wkly."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.12192","article-title":"Macrophages in intestinal homeostasis and inflammation","volume":"260","author":"Bain","year":"2014","journal-title":"Immunol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"2269","article-title":"Unique CD14 intestinal macrophages contribute to the pathogenesis of Crohn disease via IL-23\/IFN-\u03b3 axis","volume":"118","author":"Kamada","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1038\/ncpgasthep0528","article-title":"Mechanisms of disease: Pathogenesis of Crohn\u2019s disease and ulcerative colitis","volume":"3","author":"Sartor","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat. Clin. Pract. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S2","DOI":"10.1097\/01.MIB.0000480043.65761.b2","article-title":"O-005 YI microbiota drives inflammation by altering intestinal lamina propria macrophage phenotype in a novel IL10R-deficient model of very early onset IBD","volume":"22","author":"Redhu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2015.49","article-title":"Regulatory immune cells in regulation of intestinal inflammatory response to microbiota","volume":"8","author":"Sun","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mucosal. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4117","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2007-12-129767","article-title":"Resolution-phase macrophages possess a unique inflammatory phenotype that is controlled by cAMP","volume":"112","author":"Bystrom","year":"2008","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"966","DOI":"10.1002\/art.24406","article-title":"Absence of a classically activated macrophage cytokine signature in peripheral spondylarthritis, including psoriatic arthritis","volume":"60","author":"Vandooren","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/ket323","article-title":"Macrophage phenotype in the subclinical gut inflammation of patients with ankylosing spondylitis","volume":"53","author":"Ciccia","year":"2014","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1522","DOI":"10.1002\/art.37937","article-title":"In situ analysis of interleukin-23- and interleukin-12-positive cells in the spine of patients with ankylosing spondylitis","volume":"65","author":"Appel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1002\/art.24389","article-title":"Overexpression of interleukin-23, but not interleukin-17, as an immunologic signature of subclinical intestinal inflammation in ankylosing spondylitis","volume":"60","author":"Ciccia","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gupta, L., Bhattacharya, S., Agarwal, V., and Aggarwal, A. (2016). Elevated levels of serum MRP8\/14 in ankylosing spondylitis: Associated with peripheral arthritis and active disease. Clin. Rheumatol.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-016-3448-x"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-024-0921-5_8","article-title":"Regulation of interleukin-23 expression in health and disease","volume":"941","author":"Welsby","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meng, P., Zhao, S., Niu, X., Fu, N., Su, S., Wang, R., Zhang, Y., Qiao, L., and Nan, Y. (2016). Involvement of the interleukin-23\/interleukin-17 axis in chronic hepatitis C virus infection and its treatment responses. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms17071070"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, L., Zou, Y., Peng, J., Lu, F., Yin, Y., Li, F., and Yang, J. (2015). Lactobacillus acidophilus suppresses colitis-associated activation of the IL-23\/Th17 axis. J. Immunol. Res.","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/909514"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sakkas, L.I., and Bogdanos, D.P. (2016). Are psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis the same disease? The IL-23\/IL-17 axis data. Autoimmun. Rev.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2016.09.015"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms17010046","article-title":"Sulfasalazine treatment suppresses the formation of HLA-B27 heavy chain homodimer in patients with ankylosing spondylitis","volume":"17","author":"Yu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1517\/13543784.2016.1116519","article-title":"An overview of investigational new drugs for treating ankylosing spondylitis","volume":"25","author":"Wendling","year":"2016","journal-title":"Expert. Opin. Investig. Drugs"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2013.07.016","article-title":"Inflammatory pathways in spondyloarthritis","volume":"57","author":"Hreggvidsdottir","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1002\/art.38291","article-title":"Review: The interleukin-23\/interleukin-17 axis in spondyloarthritis pathogenesis: Th17 and beyond","volume":"66","author":"Smith","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1007\/s11926-016-0614-8","article-title":"The microbiome: A revolution in treatment for rheumatic diseases?","volume":"18","author":"Rosenbaum","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Rheumatol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17698","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1011736107","article-title":"Endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced transcription factor, CHOP, is crucial for dendritic cell IL-23 expression","volume":"107","author":"Goodall","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Noto, L.M., Sarnacki, S.H., Aya, C.M.R., Bernal, M.I., Giacomodonato, M.N., and Cerquetti, M.C. (2013). Consumption of Lactobacillus casei fermented milk prevents Salmonella reactive arthritis by modulating IL-23\/IL-17 expression. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0082588"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1739","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2014-206323","article-title":"Type 3 innate lymphoid cells producing IL-17 and IL-22 are expanded in the gut, in the peripheral blood, synovial fluid and bone marrow of patients with ankylosing spondylitis","volume":"74","author":"Ciccia","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e004340","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.116.004340","article-title":"Interleukin-23 secreted by activated macrophages drives \u03b3\u0394T cell production of interleukin-17 to aggravate secondary injury after intracerebral hemorrhage","volume":"5","author":"Zhong","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Am. Heart. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2017","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)60970-9","article-title":"Spondyloarthropathy: Interleukin 23 and disease modification","volume":"385","author":"Sherlock","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_82","first-page":"470","article-title":"Association of interleukin-23 receptor gene single nucleotide polymorphisms with ankylosing spondylitis","volume":"46","author":"Su","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. Clin. Lab. Sci."},{"key":"ref_83","first-page":"621","article-title":"Elevated serum interleukin-23 levels in ankylosing spondylitis patients and the relationship with disease activity","volume":"77","author":"Ugur","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nagoya J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Przepiera-Bedzak, H., Fischer, K., and Brzosko, M. (2015). Serum IL-6 and IL-23 levels and their correlation with angiogenic cytokines and disease activity in ankylosing spondylitis, psoriatic arthritis, and SAPHO syndrome. Mediators Inflamm.","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/785705"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kev245","article-title":"Ankylosing spondylitis patients display altered dendritic cell and T cell populations that implicate pathogenic roles for the IL-23 cytokine axis and intestinal inflammation","volume":"55","author":"Wright","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1016\/j.berh.2014.10.018","article-title":"The role of the gut and microbes in the pathogenesis of spondyloarthritis","volume":"28","author":"Asquith","year":"2014","journal-title":"Best Pract. Res. Clin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1097\/BOR.0000000000000147","article-title":"Inhibition of interleukin-17, interleukin-23 and the Th17 cell pathway in the treatment of psoriatic arthritis and psoriasis","volume":"27","author":"Mease","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1755","DOI":"10.1002\/art.38638","article-title":"Interleukin-23 mediates the intestinal response to microbial \u03b2-1, 3-glucan and the development of spondyloarthritis pathology in SKG mice","volume":"66","author":"Benham","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1695","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.151133","article-title":"Involvement of mucosal-associated invariant T cells in ankylosing spondylitis","volume":"43","author":"Hayashi","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gracey, E., Qaiyum, Z., Almaghlouth, I., Lawson, D., Karki, S., Avvaru, N., Zhang, Z., Yao, Y., Ranganathan, V., and Baglaenko, Y. (2016). IL-7 primes IL-17 in mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells, which contribute to the Th17-axis in ankylosing spondylitis. Ann. Rheum. Dis.","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2015-208902"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1111\/cei.12277","article-title":"Innate mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are activated in inflammatory bowel diseases","volume":"176","author":"Serriari","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1002\/art.33314","article-title":"Mucosal-associated invariant T cells promote inflammation and exacerbate disease in murine models of arthritis","volume":"64","author":"Chiba","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1007\/s11926-016-0612-x","article-title":"Functional genomics and its bench-to-bedside translation pertaining to the identified susceptibility alleles and loci in ankylosing spondylitis","volume":"18","author":"Kenna","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Rheumatol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-med-051914-021944","article-title":"Therapeutic targeting of IL-17 and IL-23 cytokines in immune-mediated diseases","volume":"67","author":"Fragoulis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Med."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1007\/s12016-011-8294-7","article-title":"Molecular mimicry as a mechanism of autoimmune disease","volume":"42","author":"Cusick","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Rev. Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.3109\/09273948.2016.1142574","article-title":"Does the microbiome cause B27-related acute anterior uveitis?","volume":"24","author":"Rosenbaum","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ocul. Immunol. Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2014.01.036","article-title":"Diagnostic criteria of acute rheumatic fever","volume":"13","author":"Burke","year":"2014","journal-title":"Autoimmun. Rev."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.51.6.783","article-title":"Absence of autoantibodies to peptides shared by HLA-B27.5 and Klebsiella pneumoniae nitrogenase in serum samples from HLA-B27 positive patients with ankylosing spondylitis and Reiter\u2019s syndrome","volume":"51","author":"Gyodi","year":"1992","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-5793(95)00760-7","article-title":"Molecular mimicry and ankylosing spondylitis: Possible role of a novel sequence in pullulanase of Klebsiella pneumoniae","volume":"369","author":"Fielder","year":"1995","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"ref_100","first-page":"85","article-title":"Ankylosing spondylitis, HLA-B27 and Klebsiella. I. Cross-reactivity studies with rabbit antisera","volume":"61","author":"Welsh","year":"1980","journal-title":"Br. J. Exp. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"872632","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/872632","article-title":"The link between ankylosing spondylitis, Crohn\u2019s disease, Klebsiella, and starch consumption","volume":"2013","author":"Rashid","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Dev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.3109\/03009742.2011.623138","article-title":"Susceptibility to ankylosing spondylitis but not disease outcome is influenced by the level of HLA-B27 expression, which shows moderate variability over time","volume":"41","author":"Cauli","year":"2012","journal-title":"Scand J. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_103","first-page":"187","article-title":"Gut-mediated and HLA-B27-associated arthritis: An emphasis on ankylosing spondylitis and Crohn\u2019s disease with a proposal for the use of new treatment","volume":"12","author":"Rashid","year":"2011","journal-title":"Discov. Med."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3065","DOI":"10.2147\/DDDT.S111568","article-title":"Efficacy of an acquainted drug in the treatment of inflammatory low back pain: Sulfasalazine under investigation","volume":"10","author":"Moghimi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Drug Des. Dev. Ther."},{"key":"ref_105","first-page":"359","article-title":"Clinical research for curing ankylosing spondylitis through combining etanercept, thalidomide and sulfasalazine","volume":"28","author":"Xiao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pak. J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1606","DOI":"10.1177\/0300060513496171","article-title":"Disease-modifying effect of etanercept versus sulphasalazine on spinal mobility in patients with ankylosing spondylitis","volume":"41","author":"Hendrix","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Int. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2325","DOI":"10.1002\/1529-0131(199911)42:11<2325::AID-ANR10>3.0.CO;2-C","article-title":"Comparison of sulfasalazine and placebo for the treatment of axial and peripheral articular manifestations of the seronegative spondylarthropathies: A department of veterans affairs cooperative study","volume":"42","author":"Clegg","year":"1999","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1097\/SMJ.0b013e31802fa2a8","article-title":"Treatment of ankylosing spondylitis with moxifloxacin","volume":"100","author":"Ogrendik","year":"2007","journal-title":"South Med. J."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1007\/s10787-014-0222-z","article-title":"The potential of selected South African plants with anti-Klebsiella activity for the treatment and prevention of ankylosing spondylitis","volume":"23","author":"Cock","year":"2015","journal-title":"Inflammopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medmal.2013.05.001","article-title":"Probiotics: A new way to fight bacterial pulmonary infections?","volume":"44","author":"Alexandre","year":"2014","journal-title":"Med. Mal. Infect."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zorriehzahra, M.J., Delshad, S.T., Adel, M., Tiwari, R., Karthik, K., Dhama, K., and Lazado, C.C. (2016). Probiotics as beneficial microbes in aquaculture: An update on their multiple modes of action: A review. Vet. Q., 1\u201314.","DOI":"10.1080\/01652176.2016.1172132"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1179\/1973947813Y.0000000078","article-title":"Probiotics and clinical effects: Is the number what counts?","volume":"25","author":"Bertazzoni","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1287","DOI":"10.1111\/imj.12015","article-title":"Probiotics in luminal gastroenterology: The current state of play","volume":"42","author":"Andrews","year":"2012","journal-title":"Intern. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_114","first-page":"3","article-title":"Role of friendly bacteria in oral health\u2014A short review","volume":"10","author":"Anilkumar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Oral Health Prev. Dent."},{"key":"ref_115","first-page":"91","article-title":"Contemporary understanding and management of overt and covert hepatic encephalopathy","volume":"12","author":"NeSmith","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sanchez, B., Delgado, S., Blanco-Miguez, A., Lourenco, A., Gueimonde, M., and Margolles, A. (2016). Probiotics, gut microbiota, and their influence on host health and disease. Mol. Nutr. Food Res.","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.201600240"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S9","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1536-4801.2016.tb00028.x","article-title":"Probiotics and prebiotics for prevention of food allergy: Indications and recommendations by societies and institutions","volume":"63","author":"Koletzko","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-31248-4_9","article-title":"How to manipulate the microbiota: Prebiotics","volume":"902","author":"Louis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2016.02.002","article-title":"Probiotics and prebiotics in Crohn\u2019s disease therapies","volume":"30","author":"Lichtenstein","year":"2016","journal-title":"Best Pract. Res. Clin. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.2174\/13816128113199990422","article-title":"Probiotics in the mechanism of protection against gut inflammation and therapy of gastrointestinal disorders","volume":"20","author":"Dylag","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Des."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.20452\/pamw.1507","article-title":"Use of probiotics in various diseases: Evidence and promises","volume":"122","author":"Tanriover","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pol. Arch. Med. Wewn."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1007\/s10875-010-9457-7","article-title":"Lactobacillus casei reduces the inflammatory joint damage associated with collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) by reducing the pro-inflammatory cytokines: Lactobacillus casei: COX-2 inhibitor","volume":"31","author":"Amdekar","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.52.3.370","article-title":"Lactobacillus GG prevents recurrence of colitis in HLA-B27 transgenic rats after antibiotic treatment","volume":"52","author":"Dieleman","year":"2003","journal-title":"GUT"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2118","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.100193","article-title":"Probiotic therapy for the treatment of spondyloarthritis: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"37","author":"Jenks","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brophy, S., Burrows, C.L., Brooks, C., Gravenor, M.B., Siebert, S., and Allen, S.J. (2008). Internet-based randomised controlled trials for the evaluation of complementary and alternative medicines: Probiotics in spondyloarthropathy. BMC Musculoskelet. Disord., 9.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2474-9-4"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2012.156","article-title":"The role of the gut microbiota in nutrition and health","volume":"9","author":"Flint","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.3390\/nu4081095","article-title":"Diet-induced dysbiosis of the intestinal microbiota and the effects on immunity and disease","volume":"4","author":"Brown","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1644","DOI":"10.1021\/jf990519i","article-title":"Fermentation of plant cell wall derived polysaccharides and their corresponding oligosaccharides by intestinal bacteria","volume":"48","author":"Hartemink","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Djuric, Z. (2016). Obesity-associated cancer risk: The role of intestinal microbiota in the etiology of the host proinflammatory state. Transl. Res.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trsl.2016.07.017"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1007\/s00449-011-0603-2","article-title":"Fermentation strategies for 1,3-propanediol production from glycerol using a genetically engineered Klebsiella pneumoniae strain to eliminate by-product formation","volume":"35","author":"Oh","year":"2012","journal-title":"Bioprocess Biosyst. Eng."},{"key":"ref_131","unstructured":"Ziff, M., and Cohen, S.B. (1985). Advances in Inflammation Research\u2014The Spondyloarthropathies, Raven Press."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-014-3164-2","article-title":"Raised incidence of ankylosing spondylitis among Inuit populations could be due to high HLA-B27 association and starch consumption","volume":"35","author":"Rashid","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rheumatol. Int."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-31248-4_10","article-title":"How to manipulate the microbiota: Fecal microbiota transplantation","volume":"902","author":"Fuentes","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_134","first-page":"147","article-title":"Fecal microbiota transplantation","volume":"62","author":"Sturdik","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vnitr. Lek."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2013.117","article-title":"Fecal microbiota transplantation: Effectiveness, complexities, and lingering concerns","volume":"7","author":"Pamer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mucosal. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aad8852","article-title":"Durable coexistence of donor and recipient strains after fecal microbiota transplantation","volume":"352","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v21.i1.102","article-title":"Fecal microbiota transplantation broadening its application beyond intestinal disorders","volume":"21","author":"Xu","year":"2015","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1479","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciw185","article-title":"Fecal microbial transplants reduce antibiotic-resistant genes in patients with recurrent clostridium difficile infection","volume":"62","author":"Millan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Song, Y., Garg, S., Girotra, M., Maddox, C., von Rosenvinge, E.C., Dutta, A., Dutta, S., and Fricke, W.F. (2013). Microbiota dynamics in patients treated with fecal microbiota transplantation for recurrent Clostridium difficile infection. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0081330"},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Di Luccia, B., Crescenzo, R., Mazzoli, A., Cigliano, L., Venditti, P., Walser, J.C., Widmer, A., Baccigalupi, L., Ricca, E., and Iossa, S. (2015). Rescue of fructose-induced metabolic syndrome by antibiotics or fecal transplantation in a rat model of obesity. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0134893"},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1557","DOI":"10.1124\/dmd.115.063826","article-title":"Microbiome disturbances and autism spectrum disorders","volume":"43","author":"Rosenfeld","year":"2015","journal-title":"Drug Metab. Dispos."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2016.1151608","article-title":"Step-up fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) strategy","volume":"7","author":"Cui","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1177\/1756283X15607414","article-title":"Fecal microbiota transplantation: In perspective","volume":"9","author":"Gupta","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ther. Adv. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2182","DOI":"10.1097\/MIB.0000000000000893","article-title":"Increased intestinal microbial diversity following fecal microbiota transplant for active Crohn\u2019s disease","volume":"22","author":"Vaughn","year":"2016","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2012.05220.x","article-title":"Systematic review: Fecal microbiota transplantation in the management of inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"36","author":"Anderson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517597","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/517597","article-title":"Fecal microbiota transplantation improves the quality of life in patients with inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"2015","author":"Wei","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gastroenterol. Res. Pract."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2015.03.045","article-title":"Findings from a randomized controlled trial of fecal transplantation for patients with ulcerative colitis","volume":"149","author":"Rossen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.3920\/BM2012.0039","article-title":"Microbial ecosystems therapeutics: A new paradigm in medicine?","volume":"4","author":"Petrof","year":"2013","journal-title":"Benef. Microbes"},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trsl.2012.05.003","article-title":"The human gut microbioma current knowledge, challenges, and future directions","volume":"160","author":"Dave","year":"2012","journal-title":"Transl. Res."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/17\/12\/2126\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T19:28:47Z","timestamp":1760210927000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/17\/12\/2126"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,17]]},"references-count":149,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,12]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms17122126"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms17122126","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,17]]}}}