{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T18:39:17Z","timestamp":1791830357272,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,12]],"date-time":"2017-01-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1484179200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Acne is a common skin condition with sebum overproduction, hyperkeratosis, Propionibacterium acnes (P. acnes) and Staphylococcus aureus, and inflammation. Punica granatum (pomegranate) is well-known for its anti-inflammatory effects; however, few studies have discussed the anti-acne effects of pomegranate. In this study, we found that pomegranate extract (PG-E) significantly reduced P. acnes-induced edema in Wistar rat ears. Therefore, an evaluation platform using multiple pathogenic mechanisms of acne was established to explore the anti-acne effects of pomegranate. Results showed that PG-E inhibited bacterial growth and lipase activity. Through a bioguided-fractionation-isolation system, four hydrolysable tannins, punicalagin (1), punicalin (2), strictinin A (3), and granatin B (4), were isolated. Compounds 1 and 2 had greater anti-bacterial activities and anti-testosterone-induced HaCaT proliferative effects than the others. Compounds 1, 3, and 4 displayed lipase inhibitory effects. Compound 4 decreased cyclooxygenase-2 expression and downregulated prostaglandin E2 production in heat-killed P. acnes-treated RAW 246.7 cells. In conclusion, PG-E is abundant in hydrolysable tannins that display multiple anti-acne capacities, including anti-bacterial, anti-lipase, anti-keratinocyte proliferation, and anti-inflammatory actions. Hence, PG-E has great potential in the application of anti-acne and skin-care products, and punicalagin (1), the most effective component in PG-E, can be employed as a quality control marker.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18010141","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,12]],"date-time":"2017-01-12T10:02:08Z","timestamp":1484215328000},"page":"141","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":48,"title":["Multiple Activities of Punica granatum Linne against Acne Vulgaris"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Chia-Jung","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"PhD Program for Clinical Drug Discovery of Chinese Herbal Medicine, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2407-6782","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lih-Geeng","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biopharmaceuticals, College of Life Sciences, National Chiayi University, Chiayi 60004, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wen-Li","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ching-Chiung","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PhD Program for Clinical Drug Discovery of Chinese Herbal Medicine, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan"},{"name":"School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan"},{"name":"Orthopedics Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 11031, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1463","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcp033487","article-title":"Clinical practice: Acne","volume":"352","author":"James","year":"2005","journal-title":"N. 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