{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T18:59:24Z","timestamp":1792695564683,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,22]],"date-time":"2017-01-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1485043200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Heliopsis longipes roots have been widely used in Mexican traditional medicine to relieve pain, mainly, toothaches. Previous studies have shown that affinin, the major alkamide of these roots, induces potent antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities. However, the effect of H. longipes root extracts and affinin on the cardiovascular system have not been investigated so far. In the present study, we demonstrated that the dichloromethane and ethanolic extracts of H. longipes roots, and affinin, isolated from these roots, produce a concentration-dependent vasodilation of rat aorta. Affinin-induced vasorelaxation was partly dependent on the presence of endothelium and was significantly blocked in the presence of inhibitors of NO, H2S, and CO synthesis (NG-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (l-NAME), dl-propargylglycine (PAG), and chromium mesoporphyrin (CrMP), respectively); K+ channel blockers (glibenclamide (Gli) and tetraethyl ammonium (TEA)), and guanylate cyclase and cyclooxygenase inhibitors (1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-one (ODQ) and indomethacin (INDO), respectively). Our results demonstrate, for the first time, that affinin induces vasodilation by mechanisms that involve gasotransmitters, and prostacyclin signaling pathways. These findings indicate that this natural alkamide has therapeutic potential in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18010218","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,23]],"date-time":"2017-01-23T10:40:33Z","timestamp":1485168033000},"page":"218","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Affinin (Spilanthol), Isolated from Heliopsis longipes, Induces Vasodilation via Activation of Gasotransmitters and Prostacyclin Signaling Pathways"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Jes\u00fas","family":"Castro-Ruiz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Biolog\u00eda Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Quer\u00e9taro, Campus Juriquilla, 76230 Quer\u00e9taro, Qro., Mexico"},{"name":"Laboratorio de Investigaci\u00f3n Qu\u00edmica y Farmacol\u00f3gica de Productos Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias Qu\u00edmicas, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Quer\u00e9taro, Centro Universitario, 76010 Quer\u00e9taro, Qro., Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alejandra","family":"Rojas-Molina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Investigaci\u00f3n Qu\u00edmica y Farmacol\u00f3gica de Productos Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias Qu\u00edmicas, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Quer\u00e9taro, Centro Universitario, 76010 Quer\u00e9taro, Qro., Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8093-7068","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco","family":"Luna-V\u00e1zquez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Investigaci\u00f3n Qu\u00edmica y Farmacol\u00f3gica de Productos Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias Qu\u00edmicas, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Quer\u00e9taro, Centro Universitario, 76010 Quer\u00e9taro, Qro., Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5932-1333","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fausto","family":"Rivero-Cruz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Qu\u00edmica, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510 M\u00e9xico, D.F., Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8793-9963","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Teresa","family":"Garc\u00eda-Gasca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Biolog\u00eda Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Quer\u00e9taro, Campus Juriquilla, 76230 Quer\u00e9taro, Qro., Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C\u00e9sar","family":"Ibarra-Alvarado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Investigaci\u00f3n Qu\u00edmica y Farmacol\u00f3gica de Productos Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias Qu\u00edmicas, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Quer\u00e9taro, Centro Universitario, 76010 Quer\u00e9taro, Qro., Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"269","article-title":"Heliopsis longipes, a Mexican insecticidal plant species","volume":"38","author":"Little","year":"1948","journal-title":"J. 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