{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T15:21:08Z","timestamp":1790781668809,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":387,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,27]],"date-time":"2017-01-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1485475200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"The work was supported by Enterprise Ireland","award":["Grant Number TC2013-0001."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Grant Number TC2013-0001."]}]},{"name":"JFC was also supported in part by Science Foundation Ireland (SFI) in the form of a centre grant (APC Microbiome Institute) through the Irish Government\u2019s National Development Plan. The authors and their work were supported by SFI","award":["Grant no 07\/CE\/B1368 and 12\/RC\/2273)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Grant no 07\/CE\/B1368 and 12\/RC\/2273)"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Ghrelin is the only known peripherally-derived orexigenic hormone, increasing appetite and subsequent food intake. The ghrelinergic system has therefore received considerable attention as a therapeutic target to reduce appetite in obesity as well as to stimulate food intake in conditions of anorexia, malnutrition and cachexia. As the therapeutic potential of targeting this hormone becomes clearer, it is apparent that its pleiotropic actions span both the central nervous system and peripheral organs. Despite a wealth of research, a therapeutic compound specifically targeting the ghrelin system for appetite modulation remains elusive although some promising effects on metabolic function are emerging. This is due to many factors, ranging from the complexity of the ghrelin receptor (Growth Hormone Secretagogue Receptor, GHSR-1a) internalisation and heterodimerization, to biased ligand interactions and compensatory neuroendocrine outputs. Not least is the ubiquitous expression of the GHSR-1a, which makes it impossible to modulate centrallymediated appetite regulation without encroaching on the various peripheral functions attributable to ghrelin. It is becoming clear that ghrelin\u2019s central signalling is critical for its effects on appetite, body weight regulation and incentive salience of food. Improving the ability of ghrelin ligands to penetrate the blood brain barrier would enhance central delivery to GHSR-1a expressing brain regions, particularly within the mesolimbic reward circuitry.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18020273","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,27]],"date-time":"2017-01-27T11:23:02Z","timestamp":1485516182000},"page":"273","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":157,"title":["From Belly to Brain: Targeting the Ghrelin Receptor in Appetite and Food Intake Regulation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Ken","family":"Howick","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland"},{"name":"School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland"},{"name":"Food for Health Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brendan","family":"Griffin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland"},{"name":"Food for Health Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Cryan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland"},{"name":"Food for Health Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland"},{"name":"Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre (APC) Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harri\u00ebt","family":"Schellekens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland"},{"name":"Food for Health Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland"},{"name":"Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre (APC) Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1038\/35007534","article-title":"Central nervous system control of food intake","volume":"404","author":"Schwartz","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1038\/45230","article-title":"Ghrelin is a growth-hormone-releasing acylated peptide from stomach","volume":"402","author":"Kojima","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1714","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.50.8.1714","article-title":"A preprandial rise in plasma ghrelin levels suggests a role in meal initiation in humans","volume":"50","author":"Cummings","year":"2001","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2014.04.007","article-title":"Induced ablation of ghrelin cells in adult mice does not decrease food intake, body weight, or response to high-fat diet","volume":"20","author":"McFarlane","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1038\/35051587","article-title":"A role for ghrelin in the central regulation of feeding","volume":"409","author":"Nakazato","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-physiol-021113-170310","article-title":"The central nervous system sites mediating the orexigenic actions of ghrelin","volume":"76","author":"Mason","year":"2014","journal-title":"Annu. 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