{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:46:39Z","timestamp":1787028399307,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,16]],"date-time":"2017-02-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1487203200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004663","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MOST 104-2314-B-182-056-MY3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST 104-2314-B-182-056-MY3"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan","award":["CMRPG8F0021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CMRPG8F0021"]}]},{"name":"Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan","award":["CMRPG8F0161"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CMRPG8F0161"]}]},{"name":"Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan","award":["CMRPG8F0291"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CMRPG8F0291"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Adult-onset chronic non-communicable diseases (NCDs) can originate from early life through so-called the \u201cdevelopmental origins of health and disease\u201d (DOHaD) or \u201cdevelopmental programming\u201d. The DOHaD concept offers the \u201creprogramming\u201d strategy to shift the treatment from adulthood to early life, before clinical disease is apparent. Melatonin, an endogenous indoleamine produced by the pineal gland, has pleiotropic bioactivities those are beneficial in a variety of human diseases. Emerging evidence support that melatonin is closely inter-related to other proposed mechanisms contributing to the developmental programming of a variety of chronic NCDs. Recent animal studies have begun to unravel the multifunctional roles of melatonin in many experimental models of developmental programming. Even though some progress has been made in research on melatonin as a reprogramming strategy to prevent DOHaD-related NCDs, future human studies should aim at filling the translational gap between animal models and clinical trials. Here, we review several key themes on the reprogramming effects of melatonin in DOHaD research. We have particularly focused on the following areas: mechanisms of developmental programming; the interrelationship between melatonin and mechanisms underlying developmental programming; pathophysiological roles of melatonin in pregnancy and fetal development; and insight provided by animal models to support melatonin as a reprogramming therapy. Rates of NCDs are increasing faster than anticipated all over the world. Hence, there is an urgent need to understand reprogramming mechanisms of melatonin and to translate experimental research into clinical practice for halting a growing list of DOHaD-related NCDs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18020426","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,16]],"date-time":"2017-02-16T12:55:34Z","timestamp":1487249734000},"page":"426","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":60,"title":["Developmental Programming of Adult Disease: Reprogramming by Melatonin?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7059-6407","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"You-Lin","family":"Tain","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan"},{"name":"Institute for Translational Research in Biomedicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7403-288X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Li-Tung","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chang Gung University, Linkow 244, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7470-528X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chien-Ning","family":"Hsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan"},{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"c7065","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.c7065","article-title":"Need to increase focus on non-communicable diseases in global health, says WHO","volume":"341","author":"Zarocostas","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1754S","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.110.001206","article-title":"Developmental origins of noncommunicable disease: Population and public health implications","volume":"94","author":"Hanson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401S","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/128.2.401S","article-title":"Programming by early nutrition: An experimental approach","volume":"128","author":"Lucas","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tain, Y.L., and Joles, J.A. (2015). Reprogramming: A preventive strategy in hypertension focusing on the kidney. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms17010023"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-079X.2007.00509.x","article-title":"Epigenetic regulation: A new research area for melatonin?","volume":"44","author":"Korkmaz","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Pineal Res."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-079X.2009.00701.x","article-title":"Kynuramines, metabolites of melatonin and other indoles: The resurrection of an almost forgotten class of biogenic amines","volume":"47","author":"Hardeland","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Pineal Res."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5380","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms14035380","article-title":"Roles of melatonin in fetal programming in compromised pregnancies","volume":"14","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"488","article-title":"Role of melatonin in embryo fetal development","volume":"7","author":"Voiculescu","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Med. Life"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18484","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms151018484","article-title":"Transcriptional regulation of programmed hypertension by melatonin: An epigenetic perspective","volume":"15","author":"Tain","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1111\/jpi.12360","article-title":"Melatonin as an antioxidant: Under promises but over delivers","volume":"61","author":"Reiter","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Pineal Res."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2006.07.001","article-title":"The Dutch famine and its long-term consequences for adult health","volume":"82","author":"Roseboom","year":"2006","journal-title":"Early Hum. Dev."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1038\/pr.2013.6","article-title":"Effects of early-life environment and epigenetics on cardiovascular disease risk in children: Highlighting the role of twin studies","volume":"73","author":"Sun","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(94)91112-6","article-title":"Ischaemic heart disease and low birth weight: A test of the fetal-origins hypothesis from the Swedish Twin Registry","volume":"343","author":"Leon","year":"1994","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1093\/bmb\/60.1.5","article-title":"The thrifty phenotype hypothesis","volume":"60","author":"Hales","year":"2001","journal-title":"Br. Med. Bull."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1733","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1095292","article-title":"Living with the past: Evolution, development, and patterns of disease","volume":"305","author":"Gluckman","year":"2004","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F71","DOI":"10.1136\/fn.81.1.F71","article-title":"Low birthweight and adult insulin resistance: The \u201ccatch-up growth\u201d hypothesis","volume":"81","author":"Cianfarani","year":"1999","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child. Fetal Neonatal."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chavatte-Palmer, P., Tarrade, A., and Rousseau-Ralliard, D. (2016). Diet before and during Pregnancy and Offspring Health: The Importance of Animal Models and What Can Be Learned from Them. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph13060586"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2011-1805","article-title":"Minireview: Epigenetic programming of diabetes and obesity: Animal models","volume":"153","author":"Seki","year":"2012","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-physiol-020911-153245","article-title":"Fetal programming and metabolic syndrome","volume":"74","author":"Rinaudo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1017\/S2040174412000487","article-title":"From Mice to Men: Research models of developmental programming","volume":"4","author":"Nathanielsz","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Dev. Orig. Health Dis."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1002\/cphy.c140036","article-title":"Fetal programming and cardiovascular pathology","volume":"5","author":"Alexander","year":"2015","journal-title":"Compr. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc3220","article-title":"Developmental reprogramming of cancer susceptibility","volume":"12","author":"Walker","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1186\/s13148-015-0085-1","article-title":"Inter- and transgenerational epigenetic inheritance: Evidence in asthma and COPD?","volume":"7","author":"Meyer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Epigenet."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.0000258855.60637.58","article-title":"Epigenetic modification of the renin-angiotensin system in the fetal programming of hypertension","volume":"100","author":"Bogdarina","year":"2007","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2011.09.047","article-title":"A common cause for a common phenotype: The gatekeeper hypothesis in fetal programming","volume":"78","author":"McMullen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Med. Hypotheses"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582748","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/582748","article-title":"Impact of oxidative stress in fetal programming","volume":"2012","author":"Thompson","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Pregnancy"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.3389\/neuro.08.019.2009","article-title":"Prenatal stress, glucocorticoids and the programming of adult disease","volume":"3","author":"Cottrell","year":"2009","journal-title":"Front. Behav. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Forrestel, A.C., Miedlich, S.U., Yurcheshen, M., Wittlin, S.D., and Sellix, M.T. (2016). Chronomedicine and type 2 diabetes: Shining some light on melatonin. Diabetologia.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-016-4175-1"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2012.08.003","article-title":"Shift work and cancer risk: Potential mechanistic roles of circadian disruption, light at night, and sleep deprivation","volume":"17","author":"Haus","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sleep Med. Rev."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18388\/abp.2007_3264","article-title":"Melatonin and its metabolites: New findings regarding their production and their radical scavenging actions","volume":"54","author":"Reiter","year":"2007","journal-title":"Acta Biochim. Pol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1016\/0024-3205(94)00532-X","article-title":"Physiological concentrations of melatonin inhibit nitric oxide synthase in rat cerebellum","volume":"55","author":"Pozo","year":"1994","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-079X.2005.00281.x","article-title":"Melatonin counteracts inducible mitochondrial nitric oxide synthase-dependent mitochondrial dysfunction in skeletal muscle of septic mice","volume":"40","author":"Escames","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Pineal Res."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2014.07.008","article-title":"Melatonin prevents neonatal dexamethasone induced programmed hypertension: Histone deacetylase inhibition","volume":"144","author":"Wu","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05913","article-title":"Perceptions of epigenetics","volume":"447","author":"Bird","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2012.09.013","article-title":"Physiological crosstalk between melatonin and glucocorticoid receptor modulates T-cell mediated immune responses in a wild tropical rodent, Funambulus pennanti","volume":"134","author":"Gupta","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.steroids.2016.02.017","article-title":"Postnatal dexamethasone-induced programmed hypertension is related to the regulation of melatonin and its receptors","volume":"108","author":"Chang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Steroids"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"942172","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/942172","article-title":"Melatonin in the regulation of liver steatosis following prenatal glucocorticoid exposure","volume":"2014","author":"Tiao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biomed. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1159\/000368768","article-title":"Effects of melatonin on prenatal dexamethasone-induced epigenetic alterations in hippocampal morphology and reelin and glutamic acid decarboxylase 67 levels","volume":"37","author":"Lui","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jash.2014.01.009","article-title":"Melatonin attenuates prenatal dexamethasone-induced blood pressure increase in a rat model","volume":"8","author":"Tain","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2015.00377","article-title":"Maternal Melatonin Therapy Rescues Prenatal Dexamethasone and Postnatal High-Fat Diet Induced Programmed Hypertension in Male Rat Offspring","volume":"6","author":"Tain","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.2741\/4125","article-title":"Experimental models of melatonin-deficient hypertension","volume":"18","author":"Simko","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front. Biosci."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283180","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/283180","article-title":"Melatonin therapy prevents programmed hypertension and nitric oxide deficiency in offspring exposed to maternal caloric restriction","volume":"2014","author":"Tain","year":"2014","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell Longev."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2016.07.036","article-title":"Maternal melatonin or N-acetylcysteine therapy regulates hydrogen sulfide-generating pathway and renal transcriptome to prevent prenatal N(G)-Nitro-l-arginine-methyl ester (l-NAME)-induced fetal programming of hypertension in adult male offspring","volume":"215","author":"Tain","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Obs. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2005.08.020","article-title":"Melatonin","volume":"38","author":"Hardeland","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2008.03.005","article-title":"Melatonin and pregnancy in the human","volume":"25","author":"Tamura","year":"2008","journal-title":"Reprod. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.108.075655","article-title":"Melatonin and reproduction revisited","volume":"81","author":"Reiter","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2012.03.008","article-title":"A rhythmic placenta? Circadian variation, clock genes and placental function","volume":"33","author":"Waddell","year":"2012","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-079X.2012.01012.x","article-title":"Placental melatonin production and melatonin receptor expression are altered in preeclampsia: New insights into the role of this hormone in pregnancy","volume":"53","author":"Lanoix","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Pineal Res."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2011.07.039","article-title":"Circadian rhythms in the fetus","volume":"349","author":"Mendez","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol. Cell Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1734","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2011-0226","article-title":"Naughty melatonin: How mothers tick off their fetus","volume":"152","author":"Simonneaux","year":"2011","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.3109\/07420528.2014.986576","article-title":"Embryonic development and maternal regulation of murine circadian clock function","volume":"32","author":"Landgraf","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chronobiol. Int."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-079X.2005.00260.x","article-title":"Alleviation of maternal hyperthermia-induced early embryonic death by administration of melatonin to mice","volume":"39","author":"Matsuzuka","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Pineal Res."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1111\/jpi.12108","article-title":"Melatonin prevents experimental preterm labor and increases offspring survival","volume":"56","author":"Sordelli","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Pineal Res."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mendez, N., Abarzua-Catalan, L., Vilches, N., Galdames, H.A., Spichiger, C., Richter, H.G., Valenzuela, G.J., Seron-Ferre, M., and Torres-Farfan, C. (2012). Timed maternal melatonin treatment reverses circadian disruption of the fetal adrenal clock imposed by exposure to constant light. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0042713"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4017","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2008.154351","article-title":"Evidence of a role for melatonin in fetal sheep physiology: Direct actions of melatonin on fetal cerebral artery, brown adipose tissue and adrenal gland","volume":"586","author":"Valenzuela","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-079X.2010.00814.x","article-title":"Update on the use of melatonin in pediatrics","volume":"50","author":"Gitto","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Pineal Res."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfma.2011.11.024","article-title":"Melatonin utility in neonates and children","volume":"111","author":"Chen","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Formos. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2012.01.003","article-title":"New perspectives in melatonin uses","volume":"65","author":"Carpentieri","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-079X.2007.00436.x","article-title":"Melatonin as a potential antihypertensive treatment","volume":"42","author":"Simko","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Pineal Res."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.2008.03244.x","article-title":"Exogenous melatonin for sleep problems in individuals with intellectual disability: A meta-analysis","volume":"51","author":"Braam","year":"2009","journal-title":"Dev. Med. Child Neurol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1177\/1074248416660622","article-title":"Melatonin and human cardiovascular disease","volume":"22","author":"BaHammam","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjcvp\/pvv037","article-title":"Melatonin has multiorgan effects","volume":"2","author":"Opie","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1111\/jpi.12145","article-title":"Melatonin prevents maternal fructose intake-induced programmed hypertension in the offspring: Roles of nitric oxide and arachidonic acid metabolites","volume":"57","author":"Tain","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Pineal Res."},{"key":"ref_64","first-page":"S23","article-title":"Effect of melatonin on neurobehavioral dysfunctions induced by intrauterine hypoxia in rats","volume":"12","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cent. Eur. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"874","DOI":"10.1590\/S0100-879X2010007500083","article-title":"Protective effect of maternal prenatal melatonin administration on rat pups born to mothers submitted to constant light during gestation","volume":"43","author":"Cisternas","year":"2010","journal-title":"Braz. J. Med. Biol. Res."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1574","DOI":"10.3109\/14767058.2011.648235","article-title":"Neonatal corticosterone programs for thrifty phenotype adult diabetic manifestations and oxidative stress: Countering effect of melatonin as a deprogrammer","volume":"25","author":"Baxi","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Matern. Fetal Neonatal Med."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1007\/s40261-015-0368-5","article-title":"The Safety of Melatonin in Humans","volume":"36","author":"Andersen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Drug Investig."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1016\/j.etp.2011.01.011","article-title":"Adverse effects of melatonin on rat pups of Wistar-Kyoto dams receiving melatonin supplementation during pregnancy","volume":"64","author":"Singh","year":"2012","journal-title":"Exp. Toxicol. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mostafavi, S.A., Akhondzadeh, S., Mohammadi, M.R., Keshtkar, A.A., Hosseini, S., Eshraghian, M.R., Ahmadi, F., Alipour, R., and Keshavarz, S.A. (2016). Role of melatonin in body weight: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Curr. Pharm. Des.","DOI":"10.2174\/1381612822666161129145618"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01277925","article-title":"Development of pre-implantation mouse embryos under the influence of pineal indoles","volume":"96","author":"Chan","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Neural Transm. Gen. Sect."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/50.2.271","article-title":"Maternal and developmental toxicity evaluation of melatonin administered orally to pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats","volume":"50","author":"Jahnke","year":"1999","journal-title":"Toxicol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yexmp.2015.06.019","article-title":"Melatonin or ramelteon therapy differentially affects hepatic gene expression profiles after haemorrhagic shock in rat--A microarray analysis","volume":"99","author":"Kleber","year":"2015","journal-title":"Exp. Mol. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1007\/s11010-013-1780-x","article-title":"Silymarin- and melatonin-mediated changes in the expression of selected genes in pesticides-induced Parkinsonism","volume":"384","author":"Singhal","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_74","unstructured":"NIH DAVID Bioinformatics Resources 6.8, Available online: https:\/\/david.ncifcrf.gov\/."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/18\/2\/426\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T18:28:23Z","timestamp":1760207303000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/18\/2\/426"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,16]]},"references-count":74,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,2]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms18020426"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms18020426","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,16]]}}}