{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T12:09:30Z","timestamp":1782302970125,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,27]],"date-time":"2017-02-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1488153600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"HKSCI Fund"},{"name":"Research Grant Council of Hong Kong"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Basic Research Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2014CB542205"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2014CB542205"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Injuries to peripheral nerves are frequent in serious traumas and spinal cord injuries. In addition to surgical approaches, other interventions, such as cell transplantation, should be considered to keep the muscles in good condition until the axons regenerate. In this study, E14.5 rat embryonic spinal cord fetal cells and cultured neural progenitor cells from different spinal cord segments were injected into transected musculocutaneous nerve of 200\u2013300 g female Sprague Dawley (SD) rats, and atrophy in biceps brachii was assessed. Both kinds of cells were able to survive, extend their axons towards the muscle and form neuromuscular junctions that were functional in electromyographic studies. As a result, muscle endplates were preserved and atrophy was reduced. Furthermore, we observed that the fetal cells had a better effect in reducing the muscle atrophy compared to the pure neural progenitor cells, whereas lumbar cells were more beneficial compared to thoracic and cervical cells. In addition, fetal lumbar cells were used to supplement six weeks delayed surgical repair after the nerve transection. Cell transplantation helped to preserve the muscle endplates, which in turn lead to earlier functional recovery seen in behavioral test and electromyography. In conclusion, we were able to show that embryonic spinal cord derived cells, especially the lumbar fetal cells, are beneficial in the treatment of peripheral nerve injuries due to their ability to prevent the muscle atrophy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18030511","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,27]],"date-time":"2017-02-27T11:00:20Z","timestamp":1488193220000},"page":"511","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Transplantation of Embryonic Spinal Cord Derived Cells Helps to Prevent Muscle Atrophy after Peripheral Nerve Injury"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3797-7232","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carolin","family":"Ruven","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 21 Sassoon Road, Hong Kong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wen","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 21 Sassoon Road, Hong Kong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 21 Sassoon Road, Hong Kong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wai-Man","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 21 Sassoon Road, Hong Kong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wutian","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 21 Sassoon Road, Hong Kong, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China"},{"name":"Joint Laboratory for CNS Regeneration, Jinan University and The University of Hong Kong, GHM Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510000, China"},{"name":"Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Stem Cell Storage and Clinical Application, Saliai Stem Cell Science and Technology, Guangzhou 510000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1097\/00005373-199807000-00025","article-title":"Analysis of upper and lower extremity peripheral nerve injuries in a population of patients with multiple injuries","volume":"45","author":"Noble","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Trauma"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1951","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2008.03.018","article-title":"Evaluation and management of peripheral nerve injury","volume":"119","author":"Campbell","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1590\/0004-282X20130127","article-title":"Traumatic injuries of peripheral nerves: A review with emphasis on surgical indication","volume":"71","author":"Martins","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arquiv. Neuro Psiquiatr."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1001\/archneurpsyc.1947.02300320002001","article-title":"Rate of regeneration in human peripheral nerves; analysis of the interval between injury and onset of recovery","volume":"58","author":"Sunderland","year":"1947","journal-title":"Arch. Neurol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Andres Costa, E.V. (2017). Horizons in Neuroscience Research, NOVA Science Publishers."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ijkema-Paassen, J., Meek, M.F., and Gramsbergen, A. (2001). Transection of the sciatic nerve and reinnervation in adult rats: Muscle and endplate morphology. Equine Vet. J. Suppl., 41\u201345.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.2001.tb05356.x"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1053\/jhsu.2001.22522","article-title":"Comparative study of different surgical procedures using sensory nerves or neurons for delaying atrophy of denervated skeletal muscle","volume":"26","author":"Wang","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Hand Surg. Am."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rowan, S.L., Rygiel, K., Purves-Smith, F.M., Solbak, N.M., Turnbull, D.M., and Hepple, R.T. (2012). Denervation causes fiber atrophy and myosin heavy chain co-expression in senescent skeletal muscle. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0029082"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.20229","article-title":"Abnormal spontaneous potentials in distal muscles in animal models of spinal cord injury","volume":"31","author":"Burns","year":"2005","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.20738","article-title":"Fibrillation potentials following spinal cord injury: Improvement with neurotrophins and exercise","volume":"35","author":"Burns","year":"2007","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/S0960-8966(99)00075-9","article-title":"Fibrillation potential amplitude to quantitatively assess denervation muscle atrophy","volume":"10","author":"Jiang","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neuromuscul. Disord."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.880130907","article-title":"Fibrillation potential amplitude and muscle atrophy following peripheral nerve injury","volume":"13","author":"Kraft","year":"1990","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"337","article-title":"Muscle fiber conduction velocity in situ (MFCV) in denervation, reinnervation and disuse atrophy","volume":"100","author":"Arpa","year":"1999","journal-title":"Acta Neurol. Scand."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1991.sp018749","article-title":"Effects of chronic electrical stimulation on contractile properties of long-term denervated rat skeletal muscle","volume":"441","author":"Lewis","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"77","article-title":"Studies on the regenerative recovery of long-term denervated muscle in rats","volume":"10","author":"Carlson","year":"1996","journal-title":"Restor. Neurol. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1","DOI":"10.3171\/foc.2004.16.5.2","article-title":"Pathophysiology of peripheral nerve injury: A brief review","volume":"16","author":"Burnett","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neurosurg. Focus."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"858","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4598(199707)20:7<858::AID-MUS10>3.0.CO;2-O","article-title":"The effect of duration of muscle denervation on functional recovery in the rat model","volume":"20","author":"Kobayashi","year":"1997","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1048","DOI":"10.1053\/jhsu.2002.36518","article-title":"Immediate and delayed nerve repair: Improved muscle mass and function with leukemia inhibitory factor","volume":"27","author":"Brown","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Hand Surg. Am."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1712","DOI":"10.1097\/01.PRS.0000118049.93654.CA","article-title":"Force deficits in skeletal muscle after delayed reinnervation","volume":"113","author":"Aydin","year":"2004","journal-title":"Plast. Reconstr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4522(00)00577-7","article-title":"Improved functional recovery of denervated skeletal muscle after temporary sensory nerve innervation","volume":"103","author":"Bain","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12409","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1761-08.2008","article-title":"Transplanted mouse embryonic stem-cell-derived motoneurons form functional motor units and reduce muscle atrophy","volume":"28","author":"Yohn","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1006\/exnr.1996.6344","article-title":"The role of cultured schwann cell grafts in the repair of gaps within the peripheral nervous system of primates","volume":"143","author":"Levi","year":"1997","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1309","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.14-03-01309.1994","article-title":"The functional characteristics of schwann cells cultured from human peripheral nerve after transplantation into a gap within the rat sciatic nerve","volume":"14","author":"Levi","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.10341","article-title":"Transplantation of in vitro-expanded fetal neural progenitor cells results in neurogenesis and functional recovery after spinal cord contusion injury in adult rats","volume":"69","author":"Ogawa","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Res."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2651","DOI":"10.3727\/096368912X654975","article-title":"Neural progenitor cells generate motoneuron-like cells to form functional connections with target muscles after transplantation into the musculocutaneous nerve","volume":"21","author":"Su","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell Transplant."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scr.2013.02.007","article-title":"Transplanted motoneurons derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells form functional connections with target muscle","volume":"11","author":"Su","year":"2013","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2004.03.077","article-title":"Rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells express glial markers and stimulate nerve regeneration","volume":"362","author":"Tohill","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1081\/BIO-200039608","article-title":"Bone marrow stromal cells differentiated into functional schwann cells in injured rats sciatic nerve","volume":"32","author":"Zhang","year":"2004","journal-title":"Artif. Cells Blood Substit. Immobil. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2006.12.004","article-title":"Transplantation of bone marrow stromal cells for peripheral nerve repair","volume":"204","author":"Chen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"941625","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/941625","article-title":"Bone marrow-derived, neural-like cells have the characteristics of neurons to protect the peripheral nerve in microenvironment","volume":"2015","author":"Guo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Stem Cells Int."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2007.06.029","article-title":"Adipose-derived stem cells differentiate into a schwann cell phenotype and promote neurite outgrowth in vitro","volume":"207","author":"Kingham","year":"2007","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1272\/jnms.76.56","article-title":"Adipose-derived stem cells for tissue repair and regeneration: Ten years of research and a literature review","volume":"76","author":"Mizuno","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Nippon. Med. Sch."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"565","article-title":"Transplantation of adipose-derived stem cells for peripheral nerve repair","volume":"28","author":"Liu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17734","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0508440102","article-title":"Implanted hair follicle stem cells form schwann cells that support repair of severed peripheral nerves","volume":"102","author":"Amoh","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"656","article-title":"Nestin-expressing stem cells from the hair follicle can differentiate into motor neurons and reduce muscle atrophy after transplantation to injured nerves","volume":"20","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Tissue Eng. Part A"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2009.05.025","article-title":"Skin-derived precursor cells enhance peripheral nerve regeneration following chronic denervation","volume":"223","author":"Walsh","year":"2010","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9545","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1930-07.2007","article-title":"Skin-derived precursors generate myelinating schwann cells that promote remyelination and functional recovery after contusion spinal cord injury","volume":"27","author":"Biernaskie","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.20470","article-title":"Skin-derived stem cells transplanted into resorbable guides provide functional nerve regeneration after sciatic nerve resection","volume":"55","author":"Marchesi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1591","DOI":"10.1517\/14712598.2011.628933","article-title":"Stem cells treatment for sciatic nerve injury","volume":"11","author":"Melamed","year":"2011","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Biol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"291","article-title":"Evaluation of the functional recovery in sciatic nerve injury following the co-transplantation of schwann and bone marrow stromal stem cells in rat","volume":"4","author":"Zarbakhsh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Basic Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0000000000000537","article-title":"Adipocyte-derived and dedifferentiated fat cells promoting facial nerve regeneration in a rat model","volume":"134","author":"Matsumine","year":"2014","journal-title":"Plast. Reconstr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1002\/micr.20722","article-title":"Application of fetal neural stem cells transplantation in delaying denervated muscle atrophy in rats with peripheral nerve injury","volume":"30","author":"Gu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Microsurgery"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1356","DOI":"10.1634\/stemcells.2007-0333","article-title":"Transplantation of embryonic stem cells improves nerve repair and functional recovery after severe sciatic nerve axotomy in rats","volume":"26","author":"Cui","year":"2008","journal-title":"Stem Cells"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.4103\/2319-4170.113226","article-title":"Stem cell-based therapy in neural repair","volume":"36","author":"Hsu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biomed. J."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1814","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.143427","article-title":"Combining acellular nerve allografts with brain-derived neurotrophic factor transfected bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells restores sciatic nerve injury better than either intervention alone","volume":"9","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neural Regen. Res."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.3727\/096020198390003","article-title":"Muscle reinnervation with delayed or immediate transplant of embryonic ventral spinal cord cells into adult rat peripheral nerve","volume":"11","author":"Grumbles","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cell Transplant."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1094","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.2003.98.5.1094","article-title":"Functional motor neurons differentiating from mouse multipotent spinal cord precursor cells in culture and after transplantation into transected sciatic nerve","volume":"98","author":"MacDonald","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-012-8292-7","article-title":"Neural stem cells enhance nerve regeneration after sciatic nerve injury in rats","volume":"46","author":"Xu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1381","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.10.5495","article-title":"Transplanted neural stem cells promote nerve regeneration in acute peripheral nerve traction injury: Assessment using mri","volume":"196","author":"Cheng","year":"2011","journal-title":"AJR Am. J. Roentgenol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1062","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2012.2797","article-title":"Acute stimulation of transplanted neurons improves motoneuron survival, axon growth, and muscle reinnervation","volume":"30","author":"Grumbles","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Neurotrauma"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1097\/NEN.0b013e318299d376","article-title":"Electrical stimulation of embryonic neurons for 1 hour improves axon regeneration and the number of reinnervated muscles that function","volume":"72","author":"Liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-4886(02)00024-9","article-title":"Properties of medial gastrocnemius motor units and muscle fibers reinnervated by embryonic ventral spinal cord cells","volume":"180","author":"Thomas","year":"2003","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1006\/exnr.1993.1208","article-title":"Reinnervation of adult rat gastrocnemius muscle by embryonic motoneurons transplanted into the axotomized tibial nerve","volume":"124","author":"Erb","year":"1993","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1933","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.21323","article-title":"Long-term delivery of FGF-6 changes the fiber type and fatigability of muscle reinnervated from embryonic neurons transplanted into adult rat peripheral nerve","volume":"85","author":"Grumbles","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Res."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2004.09.024","article-title":"The immunophilin ligand FK506, but not the p38 kinase inhibitor SB203580, improves function of adult rat muscle reinnervated from transplants of embryonic neurons","volume":"130","author":"Grumbles","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, W., Fang, X., Zhang, C., Li, W., Wong, W.M., Xu, Y., Wu, W., and Lin, J. (2016). Transplantation of embryonic spinal cord neurons to the injured distal nerve promotes axonal regeneration after delayed nerve repair. Eur. J. Neurosci.","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.13495"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1291","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2126-14.2015","article-title":"Motoneurons derived from induced pluripotent stem cells develop mature phenotypes typical of endogenous spinal motoneurons","volume":"35","author":"Toma","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.1002\/stem.31","article-title":"Directed differentiation of human-induced pluripotent stem cells generates active motor neurons","volume":"27","author":"Karumbayaram","year":"2009","journal-title":"Stem Cells"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1218","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1158799","article-title":"Induced pluripotent stem cells generated from patients with als can be differentiated into motor neurons","volume":"321","author":"Dimos","year":"2008","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.3727\/096368910X539092","article-title":"Tumorigenic development of induced pluripotent stem cells in ischemic mouse brain","volume":"20","author":"Yamashita","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell Transplant."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2014.10.009","article-title":"Tumorigenic risk of human induced pluripotent stem cell explants cultured on mouse snl76\/7 feeder cells","volume":"453","author":"Kamada","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5030","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-10-4402","article-title":"Dissecting the oncogenic and tumorigenic potential of differentiated human induced pluripotent stem cells and human embryonic stem cells","volume":"71","author":"Ghosh","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.2217\/rme.10.103","article-title":"Cardiac tumorigenic potential of induced pluripotent stem cells in an immunocompetent host with myocardial infarction","volume":"6","author":"Ahmed","year":"2011","journal-title":"Regen. Med."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Y., Wang, D., Chen, M., Yang, B., Zhang, F., and Cao, K. (2011). Intramyocardial transplantation of undifferentiated rat induced pluripotent stem cells causes tumorigenesis in the heart. PLoS ONE, 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0019012"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10135","article-title":"Immunogenicity of induced pluripotent stem cells","volume":"474","author":"Zhao","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4335","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0910012107","article-title":"Neural differentiation of human induced pluripotent stem cells follows developmental principles but with variable potency","volume":"107","author":"Hu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1917","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1151526","article-title":"Induced pluripotent stem cell lines derived from human somatic cells","volume":"318","author":"Yu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2006.07.024","article-title":"Induction of pluripotent stem cells from mouse embryonic and adult fibroblast cultures by defined factors","volume":"126","author":"Takahashi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1002\/term.223","article-title":"Characterization of a human fetal spinal cord stem cell line, nsi-566rsc, and its induction to functional motoneurons","volume":"4","author":"Guo","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Tissue Eng. Regen. Med."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525-1594.2005.29034.x","article-title":"Functional electrical stimulation of denervated muscles: Basic issues","volume":"29","author":"Salmons","year":"2005","journal-title":"Artif. Organs"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2014.00405","article-title":"Neuronal involvement in muscular atrophy","volume":"8","author":"Cisterna","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Cell Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201696","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/201696","article-title":"The recent understanding of the neurotrophin's role in skeletal muscle adaptation","volume":"2011","author":"Sakuma","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3620","DOI":"10.1091\/mbc.e09-01-0012","article-title":"The low-affinity receptor for neurotrophins p75NTR plays a key role for satellite cell function in muscle repair acting via RHOA","volume":"20","author":"Deponti","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Cell"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1089\/hum.2006.17.180","article-title":"Nerve growth factor improves the muscle regeneration capacity of muscle stem cells in dystrophic muscle","volume":"17","author":"Lavasani","year":"2006","journal-title":"Hum. Gene Ther."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2182","DOI":"10.1091\/mbc.e10-02-0154","article-title":"Brain-derived neurotrophic factor regulates satellite cell differentiation and skeltal muscle regeneration","volume":"21","author":"Clow","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Cell"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1725","DOI":"10.1126\/science.279.5357.1725","article-title":"Hyperinnervation of neuromuscular junctions caused by gdnf overexpression in muscle","volume":"279","author":"Nguyen","year":"1998","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.1007\/s00268-001-0058-8","article-title":"Brachial plexus root avulsions","volume":"25","author":"Terzis","year":"2001","journal-title":"World J. Surg."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(83)90188-4","article-title":"Muscle reinnervation\u2014II. Sprouting, synapse formation and repression","volume":"8","author":"Gorio","year":"1983","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19480","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4067-13.2013","article-title":"Motor axon regeneration and muscle reinnervation in young adult and aged animals","volume":"33","author":"Kang","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2007.05.028","article-title":"Reinnervation of the tibialis anterior following sciatic nerve crush injury: A confocal microscopic study in transgenic mice","volume":"207","author":"Magill","year":"2007","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1667","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1201147109","article-title":"Spike timing plays a key role in synapse elimination at the neuromuscular junction","volume":"109","author":"Favero","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7328","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.18-18-07328.1998","article-title":"Synaptic competition during the reformation of a neuromuscular map","volume":"18","author":"Laskowski","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1781","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.09-05-01781.1989","article-title":"In vivo visualization of pre- and postsynaptic changes during synapse elimination in reinnervated mouse muscle","volume":"9","author":"Rich","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2004.10.019","article-title":"Survival, regeneration and functional recovery of motoneurons after delayed reimplantation of avulsed spinal root in adult rat","volume":"192","author":"Gu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/18\/3\/511\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T18:29:16Z","timestamp":1760207356000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/18\/3\/511"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,27]]},"references-count":84,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,3]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms18030511"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms18030511","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,27]]}}}