{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T18:40:07Z","timestamp":1788979207615,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":88,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,28]],"date-time":"2017-02-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1488240000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Grass pea (Lathyrus sativus L.) is an important legume crop grown mainly in South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa. This underutilized legume can withstand harsh environmental conditions including drought and flooding. During drought-induced famines, this protein-rich legume serves as a food source for poor farmers when other crops fail under harsh environmental conditions; however, its use is limited because of the presence of an endogenous neurotoxic nonprotein amino acid \u03b2-N-oxalyl-l-\u03b1,\u03b2-diaminopropionic acid (\u03b2-ODAP). Long-term consumption of Lathyrus and \u03b2-ODAP is linked to lathyrism, which is a degenerative motor neuron syndrome. Pharmacological studies indicate that nutritional deficiencies in methionine and cysteine may aggravate the neurotoxicity of \u03b2-ODAP. The biosynthetic pathway leading to the production of \u03b2-ODAP is poorly understood, but is linked to sulfur metabolism. To date, only a limited number of studies have been conducted in grass pea on the sulfur assimilatory enzymes and how these enzymes regulate the biosynthesis of \u03b2-ODAP. Here, we review the current knowledge on the role of sulfur metabolism in grass pea and its contribution to \u03b2-ODAP biosynthesis. Unraveling the fundamental steps and regulation of \u03b2-ODAP biosynthesis in grass pea will be vital for the development of improved varieties of this underutilized legume.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18030526","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,28]],"date-time":"2017-02-28T10:57:52Z","timestamp":1488279472000},"page":"526","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":59,"title":["\u03b2-N-Oxalyl-l-\u03b1,\u03b2-diaminopropionic Acid (\u03b2-ODAP) Content in Lathyrus sativus: The Integration of Nitrogen and Sulfur Metabolism through \u03b2-Cyanoalanine Synthase"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Quanle","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&amp;F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China"},{"name":"Plant Genetics Research Unit, USDA-Agricultural Research Service, 108 Curtis Hall, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fengjuan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&amp;F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peng","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&amp;F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph","family":"Jez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hari","family":"Krishnan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Plant Genetics Research Unit, USDA-Agricultural Research Service, 108 Curtis Hall, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Campbell, C.G. (1997). Promoting the Conservation and Use of Underutilized and Neglected Crops, 18: Grass Pea, Lathyrus sativus L., International Plant Genetic Resources Institute."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00027192","article-title":"Current status and future strategy in breeding grass pea (Lathyrus sativus)","volume":"73","author":"Campbell","year":"1994","journal-title":"Euphytica"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2010.06.051","article-title":"Genetic improvement of grasspea for low neurotoxin (\u03b2-ODAP) content","volume":"49","author":"Kumar","year":"2011","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phytochem.2005.10.022","article-title":"Lathyrus sativus (grass pea) and its neurotoxin ODAP","volume":"67","author":"Yan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.1080\/00071669108417429","article-title":"The nutritional value of low lathyrogenic Lathyrus (Lathyrus sativus) for growing chicks","volume":"32","author":"Rotter","year":"1991","journal-title":"Br. Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1021\/bi00891a022","article-title":"The isolation and characterization of \u03b2-Noxalyl-l-\u03b1,\u03b2-diaminopropionic acid, a neurotoxin from the seeds of Lathyrus sativus","volume":"3","author":"Rao","year":"1964","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1066","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(86)90468-X","article-title":"Lathyrism: Evidence for role of the neuroexcitatory amino acid BOAA","volume":"2","author":"Spencer","year":"1986","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1006\/enrs.1993.1095","article-title":"Neurologic diseases associated with use of plant components with toxic potential","volume":"62","author":"Spencer","year":"1993","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-3796(17)30322-0","article-title":"Distribution of \u03b2-N-oxalyl-l-\u03b1,\u03b2-diaminopropionic acid in different tissues of aging Lathyrus sativus plants","volume":"171","author":"Prakash","year":"1977","journal-title":"Biochem. Physiol. Pflanz."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1017\/S0021859606006265","article-title":"Accumulation pattern of toxin \u03b2-ODAP during lifespan and effect of nutrient elements on \u03b2-ODAP content in Lathyrus sativus seedlings","volume":"144","author":"Jiao","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Agric. Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Haimanot, R.T., and Lambein, F. (1997). Lathyrus and Lathyrism, a Decade of Progress, University of Ghent."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2010.06.050","article-title":"Effect of environmental factors on the biosynthesis of the neuro-excitatory amino acid \u03b2-ODAP (\u03b2-N-oxalyl-l-\u03b1,\u03b2-diaminopropionic acid) in callus tissue of Lathyrus sativus","volume":"49","author":"Haque","year":"2011","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"170","article-title":"Lathyrogens: Toxicants of plant origin","volume":"Volume III","author":"Cheeke","year":"1989","journal-title":"Proteins and Amino Acids"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/19.3.664","article-title":"Lathyrism in rural northwestern Ethiopia: A highly prevalent neurotoxic disorder","volume":"19","author":"Haimanot","year":"1990","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2010.06.005","article-title":"A new unifying hypothesis for lathyrism, konzo and tropical ataxic neuropathy: Nitriles are the causative agents","volume":"49","author":"Llorens","year":"2011","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2010.04.050","article-title":"Factors affecting \u03b2-ODAP content in Lathyrus sativus and their possible physiological mechanisms","volume":"49","author":"Jiao","year":"2011","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1808","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)14902-1","article-title":"Food-aid cereals to reduce neurolathyrism related to grasspea preparations during famine","volume":"362","author":"Getahun","year":"2003","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2004.01370.x","article-title":"Neurolathyrism risk depends on type of grass pea preparation and on mixing with cereals and antioxidants","volume":"10","author":"Getahun","year":"2005","journal-title":"Trop. Med. Int. Health"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2010.07.049","article-title":"Sulfur amino acids deficiency caused by grass pea diet plays an important role in the toxicity of l-\u03b2-ODAP by increasing the oxidative stress: Studies on a motor neuron cell line","volume":"49","author":"Yoshino","year":"2011","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"422","article-title":"Grain legume and human health","volume":"Volume 1","author":"Kharkwal","year":"2009","journal-title":"Food Legumes for Nutritional Security and Sustainable Agriculture"},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"45","article-title":"3-N-oxalyl-l-2,3-diaminopropanoic acid, a multifunctional plant metabolite of toxic reputation","volume":"ix","author":"Lambein","year":"2007","journal-title":"ARKIVOC"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(95)00401-7","article-title":"Apoptosis induced by beta-oxalylamino-l-alanine on a motoneuron hybrid cell line","volume":"70","author":"Alexianu","year":"1996","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-9422(00)94332-2","article-title":"The neurolathyrogen, \u03b1-amino-\u03b2-oxalylaminopropionic acid in legume seeds","volume":"16","author":"Quereshi","year":"1977","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-3011.1996.tb00808.x","article-title":"Studies on the neuroexcitotoxin \u03b2-Noxalyl-l-\u03b1,\u03b2-diaminopropionic acid and its isomer \u03b1-N-oxalo-l-\u03b1,\u03b2-diaminopropionic acid from the root of Panax species","volume":"47","author":"Long","year":"1996","journal-title":"Int. J. Peptide Protein Res."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9673(97)00789-9","article-title":"Identification of nonprotein amino acids from cycad seeds as N-ethoxycarbonyl ethyl ester derivatives by positive chemical-ionization gas chromatography-mass spectrometry","volume":"787","author":"Pan","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-9422(97)01001-7","article-title":"Metabolic routes of \u03b2-(isoxazolin-5-on-2-yl)-l-alanine (BIA), the precursor of the neurotoxin ODAP (\u03b2-N-oxalyl-l-\u03b1,\u03b2-diaminopropionic acid), in different legume seedlings","volume":"49","author":"Kuo","year":"1998","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"920","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2006.09.009","article-title":"Analysis of dencichine in Panax notoginseng by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry with ethyl chloroformate derivatization","volume":"43","author":"Xie","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Biomed."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-0101(94)90298-4","article-title":"From soil to brain: Zinc deficiency increases the neurotoxicity of Lathyrus sativus and may affect the susceptibility for the motorneurone disease neurolathyrism","volume":"32","author":"Lambein","year":"1994","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-9422(01)00250-3","article-title":"Hydroxyl radical scavenging activity of \u03b2-N-oxalyl-l-\u03b1,\u03b2-diaminopropionic acid","volume":"58","author":"Zhou","year":"2001","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1025631906115","article-title":"\u03b2-N-oxalyl-l-\u03b1,\u03b2-diaminopropionic acid protects the activity of glycolate oxidase in Lathyrus sativus seedlings under high light","volume":"50","author":"Zhang","year":"2003","journal-title":"Russ. J. Plant Physiol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.2478\/s11756-013-0003-y","article-title":"Correlation of drought resistance in grass pea (Lathyrus sativus) with reactive oxygen species scavenging and osmotic adjustment","volume":"68","author":"Jiang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biologia"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2010.05.054","article-title":"\u03b2-ODAP accumulation could be related to low levels of superoxide anion and hydrogen peroxide in Lathyrus sativus L.","volume":"49","author":"Jiao","year":"2011","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.2135\/cropsci1987.0011183X002700040055x","article-title":"Registration of low neurotoxin content Lathyrus germplasm LS8246","volume":"27","author":"Campbell","year":"1987","journal-title":"Crop Sci."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"55","article-title":"Role of ICARDA in improving the nutritional quality and yield potential of grasspea (Lathyrus sativus L.), for subsistence farmers in dry areas","volume":"2","author":"Baum","year":"2001","journal-title":"Lathyrus Lathyrism Newsl."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"14","article-title":"Evaluation and characterization of germplasm of grass pea (Lathyrus sativus)","volume":"19","author":"Pandey","year":"1997","journal-title":"JMAPS"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1021\/jf000912k","article-title":"Water stress and accumulation of \u03b2-N-Oxalyl-l-\u03b1,\u03b2-diaminopropionic acid in grass pea (Lathyrus sativus)","volume":"49","author":"Xing","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6133","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.5b01729","article-title":"Genotypic variation in the concentration of \u03b2-N-Oxalyl-l-\u03b1,\u03b2-diaminopropionic acid (\u03b2-ODAP) in Grass Pea (Lathyrus sativus L.) seeds is associated with an accumulation of leaf and pod \u03b2-ODAP during vegetative and reproductive stages at three levels of water Stress","volume":"63","author":"Xiong","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.5958\/0976-0571.2015.00028.4","article-title":"Genetic analysis of BOAA content in grasspea (Lathyrus sativus L.)","volume":"38","author":"Tripathy","year":"2015","journal-title":"Legume Res."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1007\/s10681-006-3607-2","article-title":"Lathyrus improvement for resistance against biotic and abiotic stresses: From classical breeding to marker assisted selection","volume":"147","author":"Skiba","year":"2006","journal-title":"Euphytica"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3376","DOI":"10.1248\/cpb.39.3376","article-title":"Biosynthesis of beta-(isoxazolin-5-on-2-yl)alanine, the precursor of the neurotoxic amino acid \u03b2-N-oxalyl-l-\u03b1,\u03b2-diaminopropionic acid","volume":"39","author":"Ikegami","year":"1991","journal-title":"Chem. Parm. Bull."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1214","DOI":"10.1248\/bpb.19.1214","article-title":"Enzymatic synthesis of two isoxazolylalanine isomers by cysteine synthases in Lathyrus species","volume":"19","author":"Ikegami","year":"1996","journal-title":"Biol. Pharm. Bull."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-4165(67)90246-2","article-title":"Studies on the biosynthesis of \u03b2-N-oxalyl-l-\u03b1,\u03b2-diaminopropionic acid, the Lathyrus sativus neurotoxin","volume":"141","author":"Malathi","year":"1967","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1603","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-9422(00)85283-8","article-title":"Biosynthesis of \u03b2-N-oxalyl-l-\u03b1,\u03b2-diamino-propionic acid, the Lathyrus sativus neurotoxin","volume":"9","author":"Malathi","year":"1970","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-9422(00)90344-3","article-title":"Ring-nitrogen of \u03b2-isoxazolinone-alanine is incorpo- rated into the neurotoxin, \u03b2-N-oxalyl-l-\u03b1,\u03b2-diaminopropionic acid, in callus tissue of Lathyrus sativus","volume":"37","author":"Kuo","year":"1994","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3241","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-9422(91)83184-M","article-title":"Biosynthesis of the neurotoxin \u03b2-N-oxalyl-l-\u03b1,\u03b2-diaminopropionic acid in callus tissue of Lathyrus sativus","volume":"30","author":"Kuo","year":"1991","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1991","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-9422(92)80347-H","article-title":"Biosynthesis of neuroactive amino acids by cysteine synthases in Lathyrus latifolius","volume":"31","author":"Ikegami","year":"1992","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-9422(93)85402-D","article-title":"Biosynthesis of \u03b2-(isoxazolin-5-on-2-yl)-alanine, the precursor of the neurotoxin \u03b2-N-oxalyl-l-\u03b1,\u03b2-diaminopropionic acid, by cysteine synthase in Lathyrus sativus","volume":"33","author":"Ikegami","year":"1993","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2329","DOI":"10.1111\/pce.12755","article-title":"The \u03b2-cyanoalanine synthase pathway: Beyond cyanide detoxification","volume":"39","author":"Machingura","year":"2016","journal-title":"Plant Cell Environ."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0377-8401(00)00186-3","article-title":"A review of the Potential of Lathyrus sativus L. and L. cicera L. grain for use as animal feed","volume":"87","author":"Hanbury","year":"2000","journal-title":"Anim. Feed. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"4","article-title":"The Lathyrus\/lathyrism controversy","volume":"54","author":"Lambein","year":"2009","journal-title":"Grain Legumes"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.107.106831","article-title":"Physiological roles of the \u03b2-substituted alanine synthase gene family in Arabidopsis","volume":"146","author":"Watanabe","year":"2008","journal-title":"Plant Physiol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phytochem.2012.08.003","article-title":"Assessing functional diversity in the soybean \u03b2-substituted alanine synthase enzyme family","volume":"83","author":"Yi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2759","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-9422(00)83736-X","article-title":"Enzymatic synthesis of the neuroexcitatory amino acid quisqualic acid by cysteine synthase","volume":"25","author":"Murakoshi","year":"1986","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3461","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-9422(90)85258-H","article-title":"Enzymatic synthesis of the thyrotoxic amino acid mimosine by cysteine synthase","volume":"29","author":"Ikegami","year":"1990","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"66","article-title":"Assay for activities of cysteine synthase and \u03b2-cyanoalanine synthase","volume":"36","author":"Jiao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Amino Acid Biotic Resour."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1785","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/erh201","article-title":"O-acetylserine(thiol)lyase: An enigmatic enzyme of plant cysteine biosynthesis revisited in Arabidopsis thaliana","volume":"55","author":"Wirtz","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Exp. Bot."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3268","DOI":"10.1105\/tpc.110.076828","article-title":"Mitochondrial \u03b2-Cyanoalanine synthase is essential for root hair formation in Arabidopsis thaliana","volume":"22","author":"Castellano","year":"2010","journal-title":"Plant Cell"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1093\/mp\/sst168","article-title":"Cysteine and cysteine-related signaling pathways in Arabidopsis thaliana","volume":"7","author":"Romero","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol. Plant"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.120.3.637","article-title":"Sulfate transport and assimilation in plants","volume":"120","author":"Leustek","year":"1999","journal-title":"Plant Physiol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.112.1.273","article-title":"Subcellular localization of spinach cysteine synthase lsoforms and regulation of their gene expression by nitrogen and sulfur","volume":"112","author":"Takahashi","year":"1996","journal-title":"Plant Physiol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1105\/tpc.107.056747","article-title":"Analysis of the Arabidopsis Oacetylserine(thiol)lyase gene family demonstrates compartment-specific differences in the regulation of cysteine synthesis","volume":"20","author":"Heeg","year":"2008","journal-title":"Plant Cell"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0154","DOI":"10.1199\/tab.0154","article-title":"Molecular biology, biochemistry and cellular physiology of cysteine metabolism in Arabidopsis thaliana","volume":"9","author":"Hell","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arabidopsis Book"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10268","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M900154200","article-title":"Assembly of the cysteine synthase complex and the regulatory role of protein-protein interactions","volume":"284","author":"Kumaran","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sbi.2013.02.011","article-title":"The cysteine regulatory complex from plants and microbes: What was old is new again","volume":"23","author":"Jez","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Struct. Biol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1093\/mp\/ssp112","article-title":"Sensing sulfur conditions: Simple to complex protein regulatory mechanisms in plant thiol metabolism","volume":"3","author":"Yi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol. Plant"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.1007\/s00726-010-0572-9","article-title":"From sulfur to homoglutathione: Thiol metabolism in soybean","volume":"39","author":"Yi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Amino Acids"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.2135\/cropsci2005.0454","article-title":"Engineering soybean for enhanced sulfur amino acid content","volume":"45","author":"Krishnan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Crop Sci."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-3054.1996.tb00543.x","article-title":"A role for cyanide, derived from ethylene biosynthesis, in the development of stress symptoms","volume":"97","author":"Grossmann","year":"1996","journal-title":"Physiol. Plant"},{"key":"ref_69","first-page":"1489","article-title":"Cyanide restores N gene-mediated resistance to tobacco mosaic virus in transgenic tobacco expressing salicylic acid hydroxylase","volume":"10","author":"Chivasa","year":"1998","journal-title":"Plant Cell"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1094\/MPMI.2002.15.1.75","article-title":"Chemically induced virus resistance in Arabidopsis thaliana is independent of pathogenesisrelated protein expression and the NPR1 gene","volume":"15","author":"Wong","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mol. Plant Microbe Interact."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1306","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.89.4.1306","article-title":"A role for ethylene in the metabolism of cyanide by higher plants","volume":"89","author":"Goudey","year":"1989","journal-title":"Plant Physiol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-arplant-050213-040027","article-title":"Cyanogenic glycosides: Synthesis, physiology, and phenotypic plasticity","volume":"65","author":"Gleadow","year":"2014","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Plant Biol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2696","DOI":"10.1105\/tpc.112.098954","article-title":"Structure of soybean \u03b2-cyanoalanine synthase and the molecular basis for cyanide detoxification in plants","volume":"24","author":"Yi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Plant Cell"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38803","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M505313200","article-title":"Molecular basis of plant cysteine biosynthesis: Structural and functional analysis of O-acetylserine sulfhydrylase from Arabidopsis thaliana","volume":"280","author":"Bonner","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1432-1327.1998.2550235.x","article-title":"Interactions between serine acetyltransferase and O-acetylserine (thiol) lyase in higher plants\u2014Structural and kinetic properties of the free and bound enzymes","volume":"255","author":"Droux","year":"1998","journal-title":"Eur. J. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30629","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M111632200","article-title":"Use of biomolecular interaction analysis to elucidate the regulatory mechanism of the cysteine synthase complex from Arabidopsis thaliana","volume":"277","author":"Berkowitz","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_77","first-page":"911","article-title":"Cloning of CASase gene from Lathyrus sativus and construction of its RNAi vector","volume":"24","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Agrestia Sinica"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.3389\/fenvs.2014.00053","article-title":"Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and response of antioxidants as ROS-scavengers during environmental stress in plants","volume":"2","author":"Das","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1016\/S0197-0186(01)00121-8","article-title":"Neurolathyrism: Mitochondrial dysfunction in excitotoxicity mediated by L-beta-oxalyl aminoalanine","volume":"40","author":"Ravindranath","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neurochem. Int."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"880","DOI":"10.4161\/psb.3.10.6289","article-title":"Cytosolic cysteine in redox signaling","volume":"3","author":"Romero","year":"2008","journal-title":"Plant Signal Behavior"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2012.00163","article-title":"Control of sulfur partitioning between primary and secondary metabolism in Arabidopsis","volume":"3","author":"Kopriva","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front. Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.109.147975","article-title":"An Oacetylserine (thiol) lyase homolog with l-cysteine Desulfhydrase activity regulates cysteine homeostasis in Arabidopsis","volume":"152","author":"Calo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Plant Physiol."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.niox.2014.02.005","article-title":"Hydrogen sulfide in plants: From dissipation of excess sulfur to signaling molecule","volume":"41","author":"Calderwood","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nitric Oxide"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1621","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2016.01621","article-title":"Hydrogen Sulfide: A Signal Molecule in Plant Cross-Adaptation","volume":"7","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4481","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/err145","article-title":"Hydrogen sulphide enhances photosynthesis through promoting chloroplast biogenesis, photosynthetic enzyme expression, and thiol redox modification in Spinacia oleracea seedlings","volume":"62","author":"Chen","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Exp. Bot."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plaphy.2014.02.012","article-title":"Hydrogen sulfide and cell signaling: Team player or referee?","volume":"78","author":"Hancock","year":"2014","journal-title":"Plant Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"828","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plaphy.2005.07.012","article-title":"Proteomic identification of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase as an inhibitory target of hydrogen peroxide in Arabidopsis","volume":"43","author":"Hancock","year":"2005","journal-title":"Plant Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.104.058719","article-title":"Proteomic identification of S-Nitrosylated proteins in Arabidopsis","volume":"137","author":"Lindermayr","year":"2005","journal-title":"Plant Physiol."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/18\/3\/526\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T18:29:25Z","timestamp":1760207365000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/18\/3\/526"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,28]]},"references-count":88,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,3]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms18030526"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms18030526","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,28]]}}}