{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T22:25:51Z","timestamp":1792016751427,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":142,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,4]],"date-time":"2017-03-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1488585600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD) is the second most important age-related neurodegenerative disorder in developed societies, after Alzheimer\u2019s disease, with a prevalence ranging from 41 per 100,000 in the fourth decade of life to over 1900 per 100,000 in people over 80 years of age. As a movement disorder, the PD phenotype is characterized by rigidity, resting tremor, and bradykinesia. Parkinson\u2019s disease -related neurodegeneration is likely to occur several decades before the onset of the motor symptoms. Potential risk factors include environmental toxins, drugs, pesticides, brain microtrauma, focal cerebrovascular damage, and genomic defects. Parkinson\u2019s disease neuropathology is characterized by a selective loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta, with widespread involvement of other central nervous system (CNS) structures and peripheral tissues. Pathogenic mechanisms associated with genomic, epigenetic and environmental factors lead to conformational changes and deposits of key proteins due to abnormalities in the ubiquitin\u2013proteasome system together with dysregulation of mitochondrial function and oxidative stress. Conventional pharmacological treatments for PD are dopamine precursors (levodopa, l-DOPA, l-3,4 dihidroxifenilalanina), and other symptomatic treatments including dopamine agonists (amantadine, apomorphine, bromocriptine, cabergoline, lisuride, pergolide, pramipexole, ropinirole, rotigotine), monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors (selegiline, rasagiline), and catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) inhibitors (entacapone, tolcapone). The chronic administration of antiparkinsonian drugs currently induces the \u201cwearing-off phenomenon\u201d, with additional psychomotor and autonomic complications. In order to minimize these clinical complications, novel compounds have been developed. Novel drugs and bioproducts for the treatment of PD should address dopaminergic neuroprotection to reduce premature neurodegeneration in addition to enhancing dopaminergic neurotransmission. Since biochemical changes and therapeutic outcomes are highly dependent upon the genomic profiles of PD patients, personalized treatments should rely on pharmacogenetic procedures to optimize therapeutics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18030551","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,9]],"date-time":"2017-03-09T06:56:43Z","timestamp":1489042603000},"page":"551","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":489,"title":["Parkinson\u2019s Disease: From Pathogenesis to Pharmacogenomics"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0554-4037","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ram\u00f3n","family":"Cacabelos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"EuroEspes Biomedical Research Center, Institute of Medical Science and Genomic Medicine, 15165-Bergondo, Corunna, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2005.04.007","article-title":"Prevalence and incidence of Parkinson\u2019s disease in Europe","volume":"15","author":"Bornschein","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1467","DOI":"10.2147\/NDT.S85380","article-title":"Systematic review of the prevalence and incidence of Parkinson\u2019s disease in the People\u2019s Republic of China","volume":"15","author":"Zou","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatr. Dis. Treat."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.2188\/jea.JE20081034","article-title":"Systematic review of the prevalence and incidence of Parkinson\u2019s disease in Asia","volume":"19","author":"Muangpaisan","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1159\/000445751","article-title":"The Incidence of Parkinson\u2019s Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"46","author":"Hirsch","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuroepidemiology"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2016.0947","article-title":"Time Trends in the Incidence of Parkinson Disease","volume":"73","author":"Savica","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1583","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.25945","article-title":"The prevalence of Parkinson\u2019s disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"29","author":"Pringsheim","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"938","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.4414","article-title":"Estimating the prevalence of Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD) and proportions of patients with associated dementia and depression among the older adults based on secondary claims data","volume":"31","author":"Riedel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"952","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2015-312283","article-title":"Parkinson disease male-to-female ratios increase with age: French nationwide study and meta-analysis","volume":"87","author":"Moisan","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Cacabelos, R. (2012). World Guide for Drug Use and Pharmacogenomics, EuroEspes Publishing."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-0956-8_13","article-title":"Pharmacogenomics of Alzheimer\u2019s disease: Novel therapeutic strategies for drug development","volume":"1175","author":"Cacabelos","year":"2014","journal-title":"Methods Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.2217\/fnl.15.12","article-title":"Opportunities in Pharmacogenomics for the treatment of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"10","author":"Cacabelos","year":"2015","journal-title":"Future Neurol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1059","DOI":"10.1517\/17460441.2014.930124","article-title":"Epigenetic drug discovery for Alzheimer's disease","volume":"9","author":"Cacabelos","year":"2014","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30483","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms161226236","article-title":"Epigenetics of aging and Alzheimer\u2019s disease: Implications for pharmacogenomics and drug response","volume":"16","author":"Cacabelos","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.2217\/pgs-2016-0031","article-title":"Pharmacogenetic considerations in the treatment of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"17","author":"Cacabelos","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pharmacogenomics"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"II19","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-002-1204-4","article-title":"Treatment of Parkinson\u2019s disease: Levodopa as the first choice","volume":"249","author":"Katzenschlager","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"001","article-title":"Parkinson\u2019s disease: Old concepts and new challenges","volume":"1","author":"Cacabelos","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Pages Alzheimers Dis. Dement."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"1","article-title":"E-PodoFavalin-15999 (Atremorine\u00ae)-induced dopamine response in Parkinson\u2019s Disease: Pharmacogenetics-related effects","volume":"1","author":"Cacabelos","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Genom. Med. Pharmacogenom."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.14218\/JERP.2016.00031","article-title":"E-PodoFavalin-15999 (Atremorine\u00ae)-induced neurotransmitter and hormonal response in Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"1","author":"Cacabelos","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Exp. Res. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"74","article-title":"Parkinson\u2019s Disease: New solutions to old problems","volume":"11","author":"Cacabelos","year":"2017","journal-title":"EuroEspes J."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2014.10.030","article-title":"Biomarkers of Parkinson\u2019s disease: Present and future","volume":"64","author":"Miller","year":"2015","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2016.08.056","article-title":"Interaction between subclinical doses of the Parkinson\u2019s disease associated gene, \u03b1-synuclein, and the pesticide, rotenone, precipitates motor dysfunction and nigrostriatal neurodegeneration in rats","volume":"316","author":"Naughton","year":"2017","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1007\/s40572-016-0083-2","article-title":"Of Pesticides and Men: A California Story of Genes and Environment in Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"3","author":"Ritz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Environ. Health Rep."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rokad, D., Ghaisas, S., Harischandra, D.S., Jin, H., Anantharam, V., Kanthasamy, A., and Kanthasamy, A.G. (2016). Role of Neurotoxicants and Traumatic Brain Injury in \u03b1-Synuclein Protein Misfolding and Aggregation. Brain Res. Bull.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2016.12.003"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2697","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awt188","article-title":"Contribution of cerebrovascular disease in autopsy confirmed neurodegenerative disease cases in the National Alzheimer\u2019s Coordinating Centre","volume":"136","author":"Toledo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(16)30291-5","article-title":"Neuropathological and genetic correlates of survival and dementia onset in synucleinopathies: A retrospective analysis","volume":"16","author":"Irwin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wen, K.X., Mili\u00e7, J., El-Khodor, B., Dhana, K., Nano, J., Pulido, T., Kraja, B., Zaciragic, A., Bramer, W.M., and Troup, J. (2016). The Role of DNA Methylation and Histone Modifications in Neurodegenerative Diseases: A Systematic Review. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0167201"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nussbaum, R.L. (2017). Genentics of synucleopathies. Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Med.","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a024109"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcp.2016.11.001","article-title":"Genetics of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"30","author":"Lill","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Probes"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2016.11.007","article-title":"Association of plasma homocysteine, vitamin B12 and folate levels with cognitive function in Parkinson\u2019s disease: A meta-analysis","volume":"636","author":"Xie","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.25373","article-title":"Parkinson\u2019s disease and alpha synuclein: Is Parkinson\u2019s disease a prion-like disorder?","volume":"28","author":"Olanow","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1186\/s40478-016-0364-x","article-title":"Telomere shortening leads to an acceleration of synucleinopathy and impaired microglia response in a genetic mouse model","volume":"4","author":"Scheffold","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol. Commun."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1186\/s40734-016-0046-7","article-title":"Novel gene (TMEM230) linked to Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"3","author":"Olszewska","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clin. Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1002\/humu.21277","article-title":"Genetic etiology of Parkinson disease associated with mutations in the SNCA, PARK2, PINK1, PARK7, and LRRK2 genes: A mutation update","volume":"31","author":"Nuytemans","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hum. Mutat."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2015.05.002","article-title":"The epigenetics of aging and neurodegeneration","volume":"131","author":"Lardenoije","year":"2015","journal-title":"Prog. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Copped\u00e8, F. (2012). Genetics and epigenetics of Parkinson\u2019s disease. Sci. World J.","DOI":"10.1100\/2012\/489830"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.13593","article-title":"Genetics in Parkinson\u2019s disease: Mendelian versus non-Mendelian inheritance","volume":"139","author":"Hernandez","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3849","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddw206","article-title":"Identification of genetic modifiers of age-at-onset for familial Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"25","author":"Ross","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, Y., and Xu, R. (2016). Phenome-based gene discovery provides information about Parkinson\u2019s disease drug targets. BMC Genom., 17.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-016-2820-1"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41188","DOI":"10.1038\/srep41188","article-title":"Whole-exome sequencing of 228 patients with sporadic Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"7","author":"Sandor","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tig.2015.01.004","article-title":"Progress in unraveling the genetic etiology of Parkinson disease in a genomic era","volume":"31","author":"Verstraeten","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trends Genet."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lill, C.M., Roehr, J.T., McQueen, M.B., Kavvoura, F.K., Bagade, S., Schjeide, B.M., Schjeide, L.M., Meissner, E., Zauft, U., and Allen, N.C. (2012). Comprehensive research synopsis and systematic meta-analyses in Parkinson\u2019s disease genetics: The PDGene database. PLoS Genet., 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1002548"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Do, C.B., Tung, J.Y., Dorfman, E., Kiefer, A.K., Drabant, E.M., Francke, U., Mountain, J.L., Goldman, S.M., Tanner, C.M., and Langston, J.W. (2011). Web-based genome-wide association study identifies two novel loci and a substantial genetic component for Parkinson\u2019s disease. PLoS Genet., 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1002141"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"International Parkinson Disease Genomics Consortium, Nalls, M.A., Plagnol, V., Hernandez, D.G., Sharma, M., Sheerin, U.M., Saad, M., Sim\u00f3n-S\u00e1nchez, J., Schulte, C., and Lesage, S. (2011). Imputation of sequence variants for identification of genetic risks for Parkinson\u2019s disease: A meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies. Lancet, 377, 641\u2013649.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)62345-8"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-1809.2009.00560.x","article-title":"Genome-wide association study confirms SNPs in SNCA and the MAPT region as common risk factors for Parkinson disease","volume":"74","author":"Edwards","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1007\/s00439-008-0582-9","article-title":"Genomewide association study for susceptibility genes contributing to familial Parkinson disease","volume":"124","author":"Pankratz","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hum. Genet."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.22687","article-title":"Meta-analysis of Parkinson\u2019s disease: Identification of a novel locus, RIT2","volume":"71","author":"Pankratz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1038\/ejhg.2010.254","article-title":"Genome-wide association study confirms extant PD risk loci among the Dutch","volume":"19","author":"Post","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. J. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, X., Cheng, R., Verbitsky, M., Kisselev, S., Browne, A., Mejia-Sanatana, H., Louis, E.D., Cote, L.J., Andrews, H., and Waters, C. (2011). Genome-wide association study identifies candidate genes for Parkinson\u2019s disease in an Ashkenazi Jewish population. BMC Med. Genet., 12.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2350-12-104"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hernandez, D.G., Nalls, M.A., Ylikotila, P., Keller, M., Hardy, J.A., Majamaa, K., and Singleton, A.B. (2012). Genome wide assessment of young onset Parkinson\u2019s disease from Finland. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0041859"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Foo, J.N., Tan, L.C., Irwan, I.D., Au, W.L., Low, H.Q., Prakash, K.M., Ahmad-Annuar, A., Bei, J., Chan, A.Y., and Chen, C.M. (2016). Genome-wide association study of Parkinson\u2019s disease in East Asians. Hum. Mol. Genet.","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddw379"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2016.11.004","article-title":"Genome-wide pathway-based association analysis identifies risk pathways associated with Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"340","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.3043","article-title":"Large-scale meta-analysis of genome-wide association data identifies six new risk loci for Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"46","author":"Nalls","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2016.08.022","article-title":"Association of DYRK1A polymorphisms with sporadic Parkinson\u2019s disease in Chinese Han population","volume":"632","author":"Cen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(14)70266-2","article-title":"CHCHD2 mutations in autosomal dominant late-onset Parkinson\u2019s disease: A genome-wide linkage and sequencing study","volume":"14","author":"Funayama","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mohan, M., and Mellick, G.D. (2016). Role of the VPS35 D620N mutation in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Park. Relat. Disord.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2016.12.001"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1905","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.26828","article-title":"A novel RAB39B gene mutation in X-linked juvenile Parkinsonism with basal ganglia calcification","volume":"31","author":"Shi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.3589","article-title":"Identification of TMEM230 mutations in familial Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"48","author":"Deng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2016.07.032","article-title":"SNCA rs356182 variant increases risk of sporadic Parkinson\u2019s disease in ethnic Chinese","volume":"368","author":"Cheng","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.13385","article-title":"The relationship between glucocerebrosidase mutations and Parkinson disease","volume":"139","author":"Schapira","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2016.08.082","article-title":"LRRK2 deficiency impacts ceramide metabolism in brain","volume":"478","author":"Ferrazza","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, L., Mo, M., Li, G., Cen, L., Wei, L., Xiao, Y., Chen, X., Li, S., Yang, X., and Qu, S. (2016). The biomarkers of immune dysregulation and inflammation response in Parkinson disease. Transl. Neurodegener.","DOI":"10.1186\/s40035-016-0063-3"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1404","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-016-9743-3","article-title":"Oxidative Modification and Its Implications for the Neurodegeneration of Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"54","author":"Zhao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kleinknecht, A., Popova, B., L\u00e1zaro, D.F., Pinho, R., Valerius, O., Outeiro, T.F., and Braus, G.H. (2016). C-Terminal Tyrosine Residue Modifications Modulate the Protective Phosphorylation of Serine 129 of \u03b1-Synuclein in a Yeast Model of Parkinson\u2019s Disease. PLoS Genet., 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1006098"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcn.2016.06.007","article-title":"LRRK2 interferes with aggresome formation for autophagic clearance","volume":"75","author":"Bang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2015.00248","article-title":"Parkin Regulation and Neurodegenerative Disorders","volume":"7","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_66","first-page":"29","article-title":"Mitochondrial dysfunction in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"1802","author":"Bose","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mad.2016.06.008","article-title":"Parkin loss-of-function pathology: Premature neuronal senescence induced by high levels of reactive oxygen species?","volume":"161","author":"Buhlman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mech. Ageing Dev."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1186\/s13041-016-0218-2","article-title":"Linking F-box protein 7 and parkin to neuronal degeneration in Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD)","volume":"9","author":"Zhou","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Brain"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3563","DOI":"10.1042\/BCJ20160387","article-title":"Gsk3\u03b2 and Tomm20 are substrates of the SCFFbxo7\/PARK15 ubiquitin ligase associated with Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"473","author":"Teixeira","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saito, Y., Akazawa-Ogawa, Y., Matsumura, A., Saigoh, K., Itoh, S., Sutou, K., Kobayashi, M., Mita, Y., Shichiri, M., and Hisahara, S. (2016). Oxidation and interaction of DJ-1 with 20S proteasome in the erythrocytes of early stage Parkinson\u2019s disease patients. Sci. Rep., 6.","DOI":"10.1038\/srep30793"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.4103\/0366-6999.180513","article-title":"Association Analysis of Proteasome Subunits and Transporter Associated with Antigen Processing on Chinese Patients with Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"129","author":"Mo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chin. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.26073","article-title":"Parkinson\u2019s disease correlates with promoter methylation in the \u03b1-synuclein gene","volume":"30","author":"Berge","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-013-0211-8","article-title":"Epigenetic landscape of Parkinson\u2019s disease: Emerging role in disease mechanisms and therapeutic modalities","volume":"10","author":"Tarannum","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1030","DOI":"10.4161\/epi.25865","article-title":"Distinctive patterns of DNA methylation associated with Parkinson disease: Identification of concordant epigenetic changes in brain and peripheral blood leukocytes","volume":"8","author":"Masliah","year":"2013","journal-title":"Epigenetics"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1007\/s12017-014-8332-8","article-title":"Epigenome-wide association study for Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"16","author":"Moore","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuromol. Med."},{"key":"ref_76","unstructured":"Cacabelos, R., Torrellas, C., Carril, J.C., Aliev, G., and Teijido, O. (2017). Epigenomics and proteomics of brain disorders. Curr. Genom., in press."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mo, M., Xiao, Y., Huang, S., Cen, L., Chen, X., Zhang, L., Luo, Q., Li, S., Yang, X., and Lin, X. (2016). MicroRNA expressing profiles in A53T mutant alpha-synuclein transgenic mice and Parkinsonian. Oncotarget.","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.13905"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.13750","article-title":"Current and experimental treatments of Parkinson disease: A guide for neuroscientists","volume":"139","author":"Oertel","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1185\/03007990902779319","article-title":"Levodopa-related wearing-off in Parkinson\u2019s disease: Identification and management","volume":"25","author":"Pahwa","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Res. Opin."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1285","DOI":"10.1586\/14737175.2015.1088783","article-title":"Asian perspectives on the recognition and management of levodopa \u2018wearing-off\u2019 in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"15","author":"Bhidayasiri","year":"2015","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Neurother."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.3233\/JPD-150532","article-title":"Risk of disabling response fluctuations and dyskinesias for dopamine agonists versus Levodopa in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"5","author":"Haaxma","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Parkinsons Dis."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1451","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.26362","article-title":"New treatments for levodopa-induced motor complications","volume":"30","author":"Rascol","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref_83","first-page":"CD007166","article-title":"Evaluation of the efficacy and safety of adjuvant treatment to levodopa therapy in Parkinson s disease patients with motor complications","volume":"7","author":"Stowe","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1271","DOI":"10.1007\/s00228-015-1919-7","article-title":"Anticholinergic burden in Parkinson\u2019s disease inpatients","volume":"71","author":"Lertxundi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.7869\/tg.221","article-title":"Gastrointestinal complications in newly diagnosed Parkinson\u2019s disease: A case-control study","volume":"35","author":"Owolabi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Trop. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.26866","article-title":"Constipation in Parkinson\u2019s disease: Subjective symptoms, objective markers, and new perspectives","volume":"32","author":"Knudsen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.1007\/s40263-015-0293-4","article-title":"Risks of Cardiac Valve Regurgitation and Heart Failure Associated with Ergot- and Non-Ergot-Derived Dopamine Agonist Use in Patients with Parkinson\u2019s Disease: A Systematic Review of Observational Studies","volume":"29","author":"Tran","year":"2015","journal-title":"CNS Drugs"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-016-8348-0","article-title":"Cardiac parasympathetic dysfunction in the early phase of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"264","author":"Suzuki","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(16)30173-9","article-title":"Pisa syndrome in Parkinson\u2019s disease and Parkinsonism: Clinical features, pathophysiology, and treatment","volume":"15","author":"Barone","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.2217\/pgs.15.183","article-title":"Influence of genetic, biological and pharmacological factors on levodopa dose in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"17","author":"Altmann","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pharmacogenomics"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1517\/17425255.2016.1158250","article-title":"Advances in understanding genomic markers and pharmacogenetics of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"12","year":"2016","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Drug Metab. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.2217\/nmt.14.38","article-title":"Pharmacogenetic considerations in the treatment of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"5","author":"Kurzawski","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurodegener. Dis. Manag."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1253","DOI":"10.2217\/pgs.14.93","article-title":"Parkinson\u2019s disease pharmacogenomics: New findings and perspectives","volume":"15","author":"Rieder","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pharmacogenomics"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.2217\/pgs.15.23","article-title":"Is there a role for ADORA2A polymorphisms in levodopa-induced dyskinesia in Parkinson\u2019s disease patients?","volume":"16","author":"Rieck","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pharmacogenomics"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1038\/tpj.2013.37","article-title":"Association of common genetic variants of HOMER1 gene with levodopa adverse effects in Parkinson\u2019s disease patients","volume":"14","author":"Altmann","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pharmacogenom. J."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1701","DOI":"10.2217\/pgs.12.149","article-title":"DRD2 haplotype is associated with dyskinesia induced by levodopa therapy in Parkinson\u2019s disease patients","volume":"13","author":"Rieck","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pharmacogenomics"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1271","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awv063","article-title":"Polymorphism of the dopamine transporter type 1 gene modifies the treatment response in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"138","author":"Moreau","year":"2015","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2016.07.041","article-title":"Association between MDR1 gene polymorphisms and Parkinson\u2019s disease in Asian and Caucasian populations: A meta-analysis","volume":"368","author":"Ahmed","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.13357","article-title":"Membrane transporters as mediators of synaptic dopamine dynamics: Implications for disease","volume":"45","author":"Lohr","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_100","first-page":"675","article-title":"Professional ethics in complementary and alternative medicines in management of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"6","author":"Kim","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Park. Dis."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carrera, I., Fern\u00e1ndez-Novoa, L., Sampedro, C., and Cacabelos, R. (2017). Neuroprotective effect of atremorine in an experimental model of Parkinson\u2019s disease. Curr. Pharm. Des.","DOI":"10.2174\/1381612823666170210143530"},{"key":"ref_102","unstructured":"Cacabelos, R. (2016). Bioactive Extract Obtained from Vicia Faba and Its Use in the Treatment and\/or Prevention of Neurodegenerative Diseases. (EP16382138), European Patent."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goodarzi, Z., Mele, B., Guo, A., Hanson, H., Jette, N., Patten, S., Pringsheim, T., and Holroyd-Leduc, J. (2016). Guidelines for dementia or Parkinson\u2019s disease with depression or anxiety: A systemic review. BMC Neurol., 16.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12883-016-0754-5"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchemneu.2016.05.010","article-title":"Nuclear organization of the substantia nigra, ventral tegmental area and retrorubral field of the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus): A cytoarchitectonic and TH-immunohistochemistry study","volume":"77","author":"Cavalcanti","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Chem. Neuroanat."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.baga.2016.02.001","article-title":"Striatal dopamine neurotransmission: Regulation of release and uptake","volume":"6","author":"Sulzer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Basal Ganglia"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.3389\/fncir.2014.00053","article-title":"New perspectives on catecholaminergic regulation of executive circuits: Evidence for independent modulation of prefrontal functions by midbrain dopaminergic and noradrenergic neurons","volume":"8","author":"Chandler","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Neural Circuits"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2016.01.005","article-title":"Norepinephrine versus dopamine and their interaction in modulating synaptic function in the prefrontal cortex","volume":"1641","author":"Xing","year":"2016","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.13237","article-title":"Norepinephrine and its metabolites are involved in the synthesis of neuromelanin derived from the locus coeruleus","volume":"135","author":"Wakamatsu","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1002\/acn3.246","article-title":"Dopaminergic, serotonergic, and noradrenergic deficits in Parkinson disease","volume":"2","author":"Buddhala","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. Clin. Transl. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-7091-6360-3_1","article-title":"Post mortem studies in Parkinson\u2019s disease\u2014Is it possible to detect brain areas for specific symptoms?","volume":"56","author":"Jellinger","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Neural Transm. Suppl."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2015.00235","article-title":"Monoamine transporters: Insights from molecular dynamics simulations","volume":"6","author":"Grouleff","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9977","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1402134111","article-title":"Increased vesicular monoamine transporter enhances dopamine release and opposes Parkinson disease-related neurodegeneration in vivo","volume":"111","author":"Lohr","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1255","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-016-1596-4","article-title":"Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), its cofactor tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4), other catecholamine-related enzymes, and their human genes in relation to the drug and gene therapies of Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD): Historical overview and future prospects","volume":"123","author":"Nagatsu","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neural Transm."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2016.07.025","article-title":"Monoamine transporter contributions to l-DOPA effects in hemi-parkinsonian rats","volume":"110","author":"Conti","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mittal, R., Debs, L.H., Patel, A.P., Nguyen, D., Patel, K., O\u2019Connor, G., Grati, M., Mittal, J., Yan, D., and Eshraghi, A.A. (2016). Neurotransmitters: The Critical Modulators Regulating Gut-Brain Axis. J. Cell. Physiol.","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.25518"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2014.00242","article-title":"Presynaptic Mechanisms of l-DOPA-Induced Dyskinesia: The Findings, the Debate, and the Therapeutic Implications","volume":"5","author":"Cenci","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2011.10.025","article-title":"Cardiovascular dysautonomia in Parkinson disease: From pathophysiology to pathogenesis","volume":"46","author":"Jain","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.26119","article-title":"Levodopa: Effect on cell death and the natural history of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"30","author":"Olanow","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref_119","first-page":"113","article-title":"Biochemistry of postmortem brains in Parkinson\u2019s disease: Historical overview and future prospects","volume":"72","author":"Nagatsu","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Neural Transm. Suppl."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2016.11.009","article-title":"Targeting the norepinephrinergic system in Parkinson\u2019s disease and related disorders: The locus coeruleus story","volume":"102","author":"Vermeiren","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurochem. Int."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.13447","article-title":"Causes, consequences, and cures for neuroinflammation mediated via the locus coeruleus: Noradrenergic signaling system","volume":"139","author":"Feinstein","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.2174\/1570159X12666140828220938","article-title":"Noradrenergic regulation of glial activation: Molecular mechanisms and therapeutic implications","volume":"12","author":"Braun","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Neuropharmacol."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1710","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.26048","article-title":"Norepinephrine deficiency in Parkinson\u2019s disease: The case for noradrenergic enhancement","volume":"29","author":"Espay","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2007.01.036","article-title":"Norepinephrine: The redheaded stepchild of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"74","author":"Rommelfanger","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2016.01.036","article-title":"Specificity and impact of adrenergic projections to the midbrain dopamine system","volume":"1641","year":"2016","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2826.2011.02134.x","article-title":"Diurnal secretion profiles of growth hormone, thyrotrophin and prolactin in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"23","author":"Aziz","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Neuroendocrinol."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1515\/REVNEURO.2008.19.4-5.245","article-title":"Parkinson\u2019s disease as a neuroendocrine disorder of circadian function: Dopamine-melatonin imbalance and the visual system in the genesis and progression of the degenerative process","volume":"19","author":"Willis","year":"2008","journal-title":"Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2826.2007.01622.x","article-title":"German KIMS board. Pituitary function and the somatotrophic system in patients with idiopathic Parkinson\u2019s disease under chronic dopaminergic therapy","volume":"20","author":"Schaefer","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Neuroendocrinol."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6107","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2007-0378","article-title":"Regulation of growth hormone and prolactin gene expression and secretion by chimeric somatostatin-dopamine molecules","volume":"148","author":"Gruszka","year":"2007","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/S0091-3022(02)00103-6","article-title":"Transgenic studies on the regulation of the anterior pituitary gland function by the hypothalamus","volume":"24","author":"Wells","year":"2003","journal-title":"Front. Neuroendocrinol."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1111\/asj.12157","article-title":"Effects of hypothalamic dopamine (DA) on salsolinol (SAL)-induced prolactin (PRL) secretion in male goats","volume":"85","author":"Jin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Anim. Sci. J."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1111\/ane.12334","article-title":"Prolactin and sex hormones levels in males with Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"131","author":"Nitkowska","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Neurol. Scand."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1002\/1531-8257(199911)14:6<981::AID-MDS1011>3.0.CO;2-W","article-title":"Neuroendocrine responses to levodopa in multiple system atrophy (MSA)","volume":"14","author":"Kimber","year":"1999","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1877","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(96)10168-9","article-title":"Distinction of idiopathic Parkinson\u2019s disease from multiple-system atrophy by stimulation of growth-hormone release with clonidine","volume":"349","author":"Kimber","year":"1997","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1007\/s10286-002-0025-y","article-title":"Serum prolactin levels in Parkinson\u2019s disease and multiple system atrophy","volume":"12","author":"Winkler","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin. Auton. Res."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.braindev.2007.05.011","article-title":"A case of 6-pyruvoyl-tetrahydropterin synthase deficiency demonstrates a more significant correlation of l-Dopa dosage with serum prolactin levels than CSF homovanillic acid levels","volume":"30","author":"Ogawa","year":"2008","journal-title":"Brain Dev."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2007.06.008","article-title":"Endurance exercise modulates levodopa induced growth hormone release in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"422","author":"Welnic","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1111\/asj.12037","article-title":"L-DOPA attenuates prolactin secretion in response to isolation stress in Holstein steers","volume":"84","author":"Kasuya","year":"2013","journal-title":"Anim. Sci. J."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2006.10.001","article-title":"The peripheral noradrenergic terminal as possible site of action of salsolinol as prolactoliberin","volume":"50","author":"Mravec","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurochem. Int."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1783","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.12691","article-title":"Response of colonic motility to dopaminergic stimulation is subverted in rats with nigrostriatal lesion: Relevance to gastrointestinal dysfunctions in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"27","author":"Levandis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurogastroenterol. Motil."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.4172\/2471-2663.1000e102","article-title":"Biochemical changes and cardiovascular function in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"2","author":"Cacabelos","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Med. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2346","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.13012","article-title":"Lesion of medullary catecholaminergic neurons is associated with cardiovascular dysfunction in rotenone-induced Parkinson\u2019s disease rats","volume":"42","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/18\/3\/551\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T18:29:43Z","timestamp":1760207383000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/18\/3\/551"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,4]]},"references-count":142,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,3]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms18030551"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms18030551","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,4]]}}}