{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T10:18:04Z","timestamp":1792145884267,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,14]],"date-time":"2017-03-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1489449600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009619","name":"Japan Agency for Medical Research and development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009619","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Grant-in-Aid for Young Scientists (B)","award":["16K19768"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["16K19768"]}]},{"name":"Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C)","award":["16K07222"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["16K07222"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008667","name":"SENSHIN Medical Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008667","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"JSPS Program","award":["S2603"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["S2603"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Clozapine is an atypical antipsychotic, that is established as the treatment of choice for treatment-resistant schizophrenia (SCZ). To date, no study investigating comprehensive DNA methylation changes in SCZ patients treated with chronic clozapine has been reported. The purpose of the present study is to reveal the effects of clozapine on DNA methylation in treatment-resistant SCZ. We conducted a genome-wide DNA methylation profiling in peripheral leukocytes (485,764 CpG dinucleotides) from treatment-resistant SCZ patients treated with clozapine (n = 21) in a longitudinal study. Significant changes in DNA methylation were observed at 29,134 sites after one year of treatment with clozapine, and these genes were enriched for \u201ccell substrate adhesion\u201d and \u201ccell matrix adhesion\u201d gene ontology (GO) terms. Furthermore, DNA methylation changes in the CREBBP (CREB binding protein) gene were significantly correlated with the clinical improvements. Our findings provide insights into the action of clozapine in treatment-resistant SCZ.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18030632","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,14]],"date-time":"2017-03-14T11:53:52Z","timestamp":1489492432000},"page":"632","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":60,"title":["Effect of Clozapine on DNA Methylation in Peripheral Leukocytes from Patients with Treatment-Resistant Schizophrenia"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Makoto","family":"Kinoshita","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, 3-8-15, Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shusuke","family":"Numata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, 3-8-15, Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6808-5491","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Atsushi","family":"Tajima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima University Graduate School, 3-18-15, Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, Graduate School of Advanced Preventive Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, 13-1, Takaramachi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8640, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hidenaga","family":"Yamamori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, D3, 2-2, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuka","family":"Yasuda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, D3, 2-2, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michiko","family":"Fujimoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, D3, 2-2, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shinya","family":"Watanabe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, 3-8-15, Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hidehiro","family":"Umehara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, 3-8-15, Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shinji","family":"Shimodera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuropsychiatry, Kochi Medical School, Kohasu, Oko-cho, Nankoku, Kochi 783-8505, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takanobu","family":"Nakazawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, 1-8, Yamada-Oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan, nakazawa@phs.osaka-u.ac.jp"},{"name":"iPS Cell-based Research Project on Brain Neuropharmacology and Toxicology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masataka","family":"Kikuchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genome Informatics, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Akihiro","family":"Nakaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genome Informatics, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hitoshi","family":"Hashimoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"iPS Cell-based Research Project on Brain Neuropharmacology and Toxicology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan"},{"name":"Molecular Research Center for Children\u2019s Mental Development, United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, D3, 2-2, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan"},{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan"},{"name":"Division of Bioscience, Institute for Datability Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Issei","family":"Imoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima University Graduate School, 3-18-15, Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryota","family":"Hashimoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, D3, 2-2, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan"},{"name":"Molecular Research Center for Children\u2019s Mental Development, United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, D3, 2-2, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tetsuro","family":"Ohmori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, 3-8-15, Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1111\/pcn.12322","article-title":"Schizophrenia in 2020: Trends in diagnosis and therapy","volume":"69","author":"Gaebel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychiatry Clin. 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