{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T12:37:16Z","timestamp":1790771836814,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":165,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,10]],"date-time":"2017-05-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1494374400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GM62999"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GM62999"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EB007268"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EB007268"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"NIH","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AG15820"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AG15820"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The flow of intracellular calcium (Ca2+) is critical for the activation and regulation of important biological events that are required in living organisms. As the major Ca2+ repositories inside the cell, the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) of muscle cells are central in maintaining and amplifying the intracellular Ca2+ signal. The morphology of these organelles, along with the distribution of key calcium-binding proteins (CaBPs), regulatory proteins, pumps, and receptors fundamentally impact the local and global differences in Ca2+ release kinetics. In this review, we will discuss the structural and morphological differences between the ER and SR and how they influence localized Ca2+ release, related diseases, and the need for targeted genetically encoded calcium indicators (GECIs) to study these events.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18051024","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,10]],"date-time":"2017-05-10T12:04:20Z","timestamp":1494417860000},"page":"1024","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":59,"title":["Calcium Dynamics Mediated by the Endoplasmic\/Sarcoplasmic Reticulum and Related Diseases"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Florence","family":"Reddish","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics (CDT), Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cassandra","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics (CDT), Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rakshya","family":"Gorkhali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics (CDT), Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jenny","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics (CDT), Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-185X.2009.00090.x","article-title":"Ca2+\/calmodulin-dependent transcriptional pathways: Potential mediators of skeletal muscle growth and development","volume":"84","author":"Stewart","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biol. 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