{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T03:01:19Z","timestamp":1781665279891,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,24]],"date-time":"2017-05-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1495584000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Previous studies have shown that ghrelin exhibits a protective and therapeutic effect in the gut. The aim of the present study was to examine whether administration of ghrelin affects the course of acetic acid-induced colitis and to determine what is the role of growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) in this effect. In sham-operated or hypophysectomized male Wistar rats, colitis was induced by enema with 1 mL of 3% solution of acetic acid. Saline or ghrelin (given at the dose of 8 nmol\/kg\/dose) was administered intraperitoneally twice a day. Seven days after colitis induction, rats were anesthetized and the severity of the colitis was assessed. Treatment with ghrelin reduced the area of colonic mucosa damage in pituitary-intact rat. This effect was associated with increase in serum levels of GH and IGF-1. Moreover, administration of ghrelin improved blood flow in colonic mucosa and mucosal cell proliferation, as well as reduced mucosal concentration of proinflammatory interleukin-1\u03b2 (IL-1\u03b2) and activity of myeloperoxidase. Hypophysectomy reduced serum levels of GH and IGF-1 and increased the area of colonic damage in rats with colitis. These effects were associated with additional reduction in mucosal blood follow and DNA synthesis when compared to pituitary-intact rats. Mucosal concentration of IL-1\u03b2 and mucosal activity of myeloperoxidase were maximally increased. Moreover, in hypophysectomized rats, administration of ghrelin failed to affect serum levels of GH or IGF-1, as well as the healing rate of colitis, mucosal cell proliferation, and mucosal concentration of IL-1\u03b2, or activity of myeloperoxidase. We conclude that administration of ghrelin accelerates the healing of the acetic acid-induced colitis. Therapeutic effect of ghrelin in experimental colitis is mainly mediated by the release of endogenous growth hormone and IGF-1.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18061118","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,24]],"date-time":"2017-05-24T12:13:11Z","timestamp":1495627991000},"page":"1118","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Essential Role of Growth Hormone and IGF-1 in Therapeutic Effect of Ghrelin in the Course of Acetic Acid-Induced Colitis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3478-0108","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Piotr","family":"Ceranowicz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-531 Cracow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0494-6528","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zygmunt","family":"Warzecha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-531 Cracow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jakub","family":"Cieszkowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-531 Cracow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dagmara","family":"Ceranowicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-531 Cracow, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Gastroenterology and Nutrition, University Children\u2019s Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 30-663 Cracow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beata","family":"Ku\u015bnierz-Cabala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostics, Chair of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-501 Cracow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4436-9080","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joanna","family":"Bonior","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Physiology Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-126 Cracow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jolanta","family":"Jaworek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Physiology Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-126 Cracow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7361-9478","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tadeusz","family":"Ambro\u017cy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Theory of Sport and Kinesiology, Faculty of Physical Education, University of Physical Education, 31-571 Cracow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4732-7698","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Krzysztof","family":"Gil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-121 Cracow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rafa\u0142","family":"Olszanecki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-531 Cracow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ma\u0142gorzata","family":"Pihut","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-155 Cracow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Artur","family":"Dembi\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-531 Cracow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1038\/45230","article-title":"Ghrelin is a growth-hormone releasing acylated peptide from stomach","volume":"402","author":"Kojima","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4753","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.86.10.7885","article-title":"Stomach is a major source of circulating ghrelin, and feeding state determines plasma ghrelin-like immunoreactivity levels in humans","volume":"86","author":"Ariyasu","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. 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