{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T14:07:28Z","timestamp":1791295648506,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,8]],"date-time":"2017-06-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1496880000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>There is a tremendous need for developing new useful prognostic factors in ovarian cancer. Galectins are a family of carbohydrate binding proteins which have been suggested to serve as prognostic factors for various cancer types. In this study, the presence of Galectin-1, -3, and -7 was investigated in 156 ovarian cancer specimens by immunochemical staining. Staining was evaluated in the cytoplasm and nucleus of cancer cells as well as the peritumoral stroma using a semi quantitative score (Remmele (IR) score). Patients\u2019 overall survival was compared between different groups of Galectin expression. Galectin (Gal)-1 and -3 staining was observed in the peritumoral stroma as well as the nucleus and cytoplasm of tumor cells, while Gal-7 was only present in the cytoplasm of tumor cells. Patients with Gal-1 expression in the cytoplasm or high Gal-1 expression in the peritumoral stroma showed reduced overall survival. Nuclear Gal-3 staining correlated with a better outcome. We observed a significantly reduced overall survival for cases with high Gal-7 expression and a better survival for Gal-7 negative cases, when compared to cases with low expression of Gal-7. We were able to show that both tumor and stroma staining of Gal-1 could serve as negative prognostic factors for ovarian cancer. We were able to confirm cytoplasmic Gal-7 as a negative prognostic factor. Gal-3 staining in the nucleus could be a new positive prognosticator for ovarian cancer.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18061230","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,8]],"date-time":"2017-06-08T10:26:09Z","timestamp":1496917569000},"page":"1230","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Galectins-1, -3, and -7 Are Prognostic Markers for Survival of Ovarian Cancer Patients"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Heiko","family":"Schulz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich, Campus Gro\u00dfhadern: Marchioninistr. 15, 81377 Munich and Campus Innenstadt: Maistr. 11, Munich 80337, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7199-3837","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elisa","family":"Schmoeckel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LMU Munich, Department of Pathology, Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, Thalkirchner Str. 142, Munich 80337, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christina","family":"Kuhn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich, Campus Gro\u00dfhadern: Marchioninistr. 15, 81377 Munich and Campus Innenstadt: Maistr. 11, Munich 80337, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simone","family":"Hofmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich, Campus Gro\u00dfhadern: Marchioninistr. 15, 81377 Munich and Campus Innenstadt: Maistr. 11, Munich 80337, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Doris","family":"Mayr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LMU Munich, Department of Pathology, Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, Thalkirchner Str. 142, Munich 80337, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sven","family":"Mahner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich, Campus Gro\u00dfhadern: Marchioninistr. 15, 81377 Munich and Campus Innenstadt: Maistr. 11, Munich 80337, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2623-3235","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Udo","family":"Jeschke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich, Campus Gro\u00dfhadern: Marchioninistr. 15, 81377 Munich and Campus Innenstadt: Maistr. 11, Munich 80337, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21332","article-title":"Cancer statistics, 2016","volume":"66","author":"Siegel","year":"2016","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. Clin."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"viii7","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdi961","article-title":"2004 consensus statements on the management of ovarian cancer: Final document of the 3rd International Gynecologic Cancer Intergroup Ovarian Cancer Consensus Conference (GCIG OCCC 2004)","volume":"16","author":"Quinn","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ann. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0b013e318264f794","article-title":"Ten-year relative survival for epithelial ovarian cancer","volume":"120","author":"Baldwin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"519","article-title":"Ovarian cancer: Diagnostic, biological and prognostic aspects","volume":"10","author":"Davidson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Womens Health"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1163","DOI":"10.1007\/s00432-016-2126-3","article-title":"p53 determines prognostic significance of the carbohydrate stem cell marker TF1 (CD176) in ovarian cancer","volume":"142","author":"Heublein","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Cancer Res. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1681","DOI":"10.1007\/s00432-014-1729-9","article-title":"Estrogen receptor promoter methylation predicts survival in low-grade ovarian carcinoma patients","volume":"140","author":"Kirn","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Cancer Res. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(94)90498-7","article-title":"Galectins: A family of animal \u03b2-galactoside-binding lectins","volume":"76","author":"Barondes","year":"1994","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20807","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(17)31891-4","article-title":"Galectins. Structure and function of a large family of animal lectins","volume":"269","author":"Barondes","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"88","article-title":"Galectins in cancer: Carcinogenesis, diagnosis and therapy","volume":"2","author":"Ebrahim","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann. Transl Med."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Varki, A., and Cummings, R.D. (2009). Galectins. Essentials of Glycobiology, Cold Spring Harbor. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1023\/B:GLYC.0000014072.34840.04","article-title":"Introduction to galectins","volume":"19","author":"Leffler","year":"2004","journal-title":"Glycoconj. J."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4165(02)00315-X","article-title":"Galectins and cancer","volume":"1572","author":"Danguy","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"2003","article-title":"Two-marker combinations for preoperative discrimination of benign and malignant ovarian masses","volume":"32","author":"Freydanck","year":"2012","journal-title":"Anticancer Res."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e991","DOI":"10.1038\/cddis.2013.526","article-title":"Galectin-1 overexpression promotes progression and chemoresistance to cisplatin in epithelial ovarian cancer","volume":"5","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1914","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2012.02.005","article-title":"High galectin-1 expression correlates with poor prognosis and is involved in epithelial ovarian cancer proliferation and invasion","volume":"48","author":"Kim","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"1555","article-title":"Clinical significance of galectin-7 in epithelial ovarian cancer","volume":"33","author":"Kim","year":"2013","journal-title":"Anticancer Res."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1097\/PGP.0b013e31815d060d","article-title":"Epidermal growth factor receptor expression in serous ovarian carcinoma: An immunohistochemical study with galectin-3 and cyclin D1 and outcome","volume":"7","author":"Brustmann","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Gynecol. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7705","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.2299","article-title":"Expression and functions of galectin-7 in ovarian cancer","volume":"5","author":"Labrie","year":"2014","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1186\/s13048-015-0206-7","article-title":"Clinical implication of the serum galectin-1 expression in epithelial ovarian cancer patients","volume":"8","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Ovarian Res."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctrv.2013.07.007","article-title":"Unraveling galectin-1 as a novel therapeutic target for cancer","volume":"40","author":"Riveiro","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cancer Treatment Rev."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5121","DOI":"10.1021\/jm300014q","article-title":"Anti-tumor agent calixarene 0118 targets human galectin-1 as an allosteric inhibitor of carbohydrate binding","volume":"5","author":"Dings","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2463","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2014.06.015","article-title":"OTX008, a selective small-molecule inhibitor of galectin-1, downregulates cancer cell proliferation, invasion and tumour angiogenesis","volume":"50","author":"Riveiro","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"815","article-title":"Differential expression of galectin-1 and galectin-3 in thyroid tumors. Potential diagnostic implications","volume":"147","author":"Xu","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0347(199609\/10)18:5<422::AID-HED5>3.0.CO;2-7","article-title":"Expression of galectins in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma","volume":"18","author":"Gillenwater","year":"1996","journal-title":"Head Neck"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1906","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(97)70010-6","article-title":"Differential expression of galectin 3 and galectin 1 in colorectal cancer progression","volume":"113","author":"Sanjuan","year":"1997","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1097\/01.LAB.0000059949.01480.40","article-title":"Galectin-1 accumulation in the ovary carcinoma peritumoral stroma is induced by ovary carcinoma cells and affects both cancer cell proliferation and adhesion to laminin-1 and fibronectin","volume":"83","author":"Califice","year":"2003","journal-title":"Lab. Investig."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1007\/s10147-011-0190-x","article-title":"Overexpression of Galectin-3 and its clinical significance in ovarian carcinoma","volume":"16","author":"Kim","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1023\/B:GLYC.0000014079.87862.c7","article-title":"Understanding the biochemical activities of galectin-1 and galectin-3 in the nucleus","volume":"19","author":"Patterson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Glycoconj. J."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stowel, S.R., and Cummings, R.D. (2015). Examination of the role of galectins in pre-mRNA splicing. Galectin, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-1396-1"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.4161\/cbt.28873","article-title":"Characterization of LGALS3 (galectin-3) as a player in DNA damage response","volume":"15","author":"Carvalho","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cancer Biol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"1369","article-title":"Reduced galectin-3 expression is an indicator of unfavorable prognosis in gastric cancer","volume":"26","author":"Okada","year":"2006","journal-title":"Anticancer Res."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"1403","article-title":"Decreased expression of galectin-3 predicts tumour recurrence in pTa bladder cancer","volume":"20","author":"Kramer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Oncol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11469","DOI":"10.1007\/s13277-016-5004-3","article-title":"Galectin-3 regulates metastatic capabilities and chemotherapy sensitivity in epithelial ovarian carcinoma via NF-\u03baB pathway","volume":"37","author":"Lu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Tumour Biol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7561","DOI":"10.7314\/APJCP.2013.14.12.7561","article-title":"Synergistic effects of PectaSol-C modified citrus pectin an inhibitor of Galectin-3 and paclitaxel on apoptosis of human SKOV-3 ovarian cancer cells","volume":"14","author":"Hossein","year":"2013","journal-title":"Asian Pac. J. Cancer Prev."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/18\/6\/1230\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T18:38:27Z","timestamp":1760207907000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/18\/6\/1230"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,8]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,6]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms18061230"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms18061230","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,8]]}}}