{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T19:21:36Z","timestamp":1790709696793,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":225,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,18]],"date-time":"2017-06-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1497744000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The leishmaniases are diseases caused by pathogenic protozoan parasites of the genus Leishmania. Infections are initiated when a sand fly vector inoculates Leishmania parasites into the skin of a mammalian host. Leishmania causes a spectrum of inflammatory cutaneous disease manifestations. The type of cutaneous pathology is determined in part by the infecting Leishmania species, but also by a combination of inflammatory and anti-inflammatory host immune response factors resulting in different clinical outcomes. This review discusses the distinct cutaneous syndromes described in humans, and current knowledge of the inflammatory responses associated with divergent cutaneous pathologic responses to different Leishmania species. The contribution of key hematopoietic cells in experimental cutaneous leishmaniasis in mouse models are also reviewed and compared with those observed during human infection. We hypothesize that local skin events influence the ensuing adaptive immune response to Leishmania spp. infections, and that the balance between inflammatory and regulatory factors induced by infection are critical for determining cutaneous pathology and outcome of infection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18061296","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,19]],"date-time":"2017-06-19T10:29:26Z","timestamp":1497868166000},"page":"1296","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":205,"title":["Cutaneous Manifestations of Human and Murine Leishmaniasis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Breanna","family":"Scorza","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edgar","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Pesquisa Gon\u00e7alo Moniz, Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Bahia, 40296-710, Brazil"},{"name":"Federal University of Bahia, Hospital Universit\u00e1rio Prof. Edgard Santos, Salvador, BA, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mary","family":"Wilson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA"},{"name":"Veterans\u2019 Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"WHO (2016, August 31). 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