{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T12:20:54Z","timestamp":1792066854371,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,1]],"date-time":"2017-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1498867200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The regenerative and immunomodulatory activity of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) is partially mediated by secreted vesicular factors. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) exocytosed by MSCs are gaining increased attention as prospective non-cellular therapeutics for a variety of diseases. However, the lack of suitable in vitro assays to monitor the therapeutic potential of EVs currently restricts their application in clinical studies. We have evaluated a dual in vitro immunomodulation potency assay that reproducibly reports the inhibitory effect of MSCs on induced T-cell proliferation and the alloantigen-driven mixed leukocyte reaction of pooled peripheral blood mononuclear cells in a dose-dependent manner. Phytohemagglutinin-stimulated T-cell proliferation was inhibited by MSC-derived EVs in a dose-dependent manner comparable to MSCs. In contrast, inhibition of alloantigen-driven mixed leukocyte reaction was only observed for MSCs, but not for EVs. Our results support the application of a cell-based in vitro potency assay for reproducibly determining the immunomodulatory potential of EVs. Validation of this assay can help establish reliable release criteria for EVs for future clinical studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18071413","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,3]],"date-time":"2017-07-03T10:27:31Z","timestamp":1499077651000},"page":"1413","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":85,"title":["An In Vitro Potency Assay for Monitoring the Immunomodulatory Potential of Stromal Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Karin","family":"Pachler","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"GMP Unit, Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg (SCI-TReCS), Paracelsus Medical University (PMU), Strubergasse 22, 5020 Salzburg, Austria"},{"name":"Research Program Nanovesicular Therapies, Paracelsus Medical University (PMU), Strubergasse 22, 5020 Salzburg, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nina","family":"Ketterl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Experimental and Clinical Cell Therapy, Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg (SCI-TReCS), Paracelsus Medical University (PMU), Strubergasse 22, 5020 Salzburg, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandre","family":"Desgeorges","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GMP Unit, Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg (SCI-TReCS), Paracelsus Medical University (PMU), Strubergasse 22, 5020 Salzburg, Austria"},{"name":"Research Program Nanovesicular Therapies, Paracelsus Medical University (PMU), Strubergasse 22, 5020 Salzburg, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zsuzsanna","family":"Dunai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GMP Unit, Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg (SCI-TReCS), Paracelsus Medical University (PMU), Strubergasse 22, 5020 Salzburg, Austria"},{"name":"Research Program Nanovesicular Therapies, Paracelsus Medical University (PMU), Strubergasse 22, 5020 Salzburg, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1416-6023","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sandra","family":"Laner-Plamberger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Clinic for Blood Group Serology and Transfusion Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University (PMU), Lindhofstrasse 20, 5020 Salzburg, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Doris","family":"Streif","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GMP Unit, Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg (SCI-TReCS), Paracelsus Medical University (PMU), Strubergasse 22, 5020 Salzburg, Austria"},{"name":"Research Program Nanovesicular Therapies, Paracelsus Medical University (PMU), Strubergasse 22, 5020 Salzburg, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dirk","family":"Strunk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Experimental and Clinical Cell Therapy, Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg (SCI-TReCS), Paracelsus Medical University (PMU), Strubergasse 22, 5020 Salzburg, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eva","family":"Rohde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GMP Unit, Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg (SCI-TReCS), Paracelsus Medical University (PMU), Strubergasse 22, 5020 Salzburg, Austria"},{"name":"University Clinic for Blood Group Serology and Transfusion Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University (PMU), Lindhofstrasse 20, 5020 Salzburg, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mario","family":"Gimona","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GMP Unit, Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg (SCI-TReCS), Paracelsus Medical University (PMU), Strubergasse 22, 5020 Salzburg, Austria"},{"name":"Research Program Nanovesicular Therapies, Paracelsus Medical University (PMU), Strubergasse 22, 5020 Salzburg, Austria"},{"name":"University Clinic for Blood Group Serology and Transfusion Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University (PMU), Lindhofstrasse 20, 5020 Salzburg, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scr.2009.12.003","article-title":"Exosome secreted by MSC reduces myocardial ischemia\/reperfusion injury","volume":"4","author":"Lai","year":"2010","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1159\/000443413","article-title":"Mesenchymal stromal cell-derived extracellular vesicles protect against acute kidney 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