{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]],"date-time":"2026-01-09T21:03:50Z","timestamp":1767992630811,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,5]],"date-time":"2017-07-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1499212800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Periodontal disease is considered one of the main pathologic diseases occurring in humans. Its pathologic process involves inflammatory reactions producing periodontal bone resorption and the tooth loss. But some patients do not present an evident clinical inflammation with bone resorption, and in others, the inflammation is prominent without bone resorption. A key question could be to investigate a different way of responding to aggression. Inflammation requires a complex intracellular metabolic process, starting with the harmful recognition and activation of the inflammasome, continues the energy supply with the alteration of oxidative stress conditions, and finishes with the elimination of the aggression with autophagy\/apoptosis mechanisms, then concludes with recovery. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are essential molecules produced in inflammation, and its genes and its activation have been related to periodontal disease. Also, an important aspect is the influence of PPARs in bone metabolism; the main periodontitis symptom is bone loss and PPAR\u03b3 activation that can downregulate the bone resorption in experimental periodontitis, PPAR\u03b3-coated titanium dental implant surfaces could carry the antiinflammatory gene and restrain inflammation. PPARs could be one of the meeting background points with atherosclerosis\/cardiovascular disease, diabetes and metabolic syndrome showing a modified proinflammatory statement such as it is described in periodontitis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18071438","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,5]],"date-time":"2017-07-05T11:26:04Z","timestamp":1499253964000},"page":"1438","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Influence of the Periodontal Disease, the Most Prevalent Inflammatory Event, in Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors Linking Nutrition and Energy Metabolism"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Lourdes","family":"Rom\u00e1n-Malo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Investigacion, Departamento de Estomatologia, Universidad de Sevilla, c\/ Avicena s\/n, Sevilla 41009, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pedro","family":"Bullon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Investigacion, Departamento de Estomatologia, Universidad de Sevilla, c\/ Avicena s\/n, Sevilla 41009, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1237","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2003.74.8.1237","article-title":"Diagnosis of periodontal diseases","volume":"74","author":"Armitage","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpe.12517","article-title":"Are periodontal diseases really silent? A systematic review of their effect on quality of life","volume":"43","author":"Buset","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clin. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0757.2001.2260102.x","article-title":"Epidemiology of periodontal disease in children and adolescents","volume":"26","author":"Jenkins","year":"2001","journal-title":"Periodontol. 2000"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0579.2010.00620.x","article-title":"Periodontal health in Europe: Future trends based on treatment needs and the provision of periodontal services\u2014Position paper 1","volume":"14","author":"Holtfreter","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. J. Dent. Educ."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpe.12551","article-title":"EFP Delphi study on the trends in periodontology and periodontics in Europe for the year 2025","volume":"43","author":"Madianos","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clin. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1046\/j.0906-6713.2002.003421.x","article-title":"Periodontal diagnoses and classification of periodontal diseases","volume":"34","author":"Armitage","year":"2004","journal-title":"Periodontol. 2000"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.4161\/21505594.2014.984566","article-title":"Relationship between invasion of the periodontium by periodontal pathogens and periodontal disease: A systematic review","volume":"6","author":"Mendes","year":"2015","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ferretti, F. (2015). Unhealthy Behaviours: An International Comparison. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0141834"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-015-0239-2","article-title":"Danger- and pathogen-associated molecular patterns recognition by pattern-recognition receptors and ion channels of the transient receptor potential family triggers the inflammasome activation in immune cells and sensory neurons","volume":"12","author":"Santoni","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2010.01.040","article-title":"The inflammasomes","volume":"140","author":"Schroder","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2009.01.006","article-title":"Sensing pathogens and danger signals by the inflammasome","volume":"21","author":"Pedra","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30385","DOI":"10.3402\/jom.v8.30385","article-title":"Modulation of inflammasome activity by Porphyromonas gingivalis in periodontitis and associated systemic diseases","volume":"8","author":"Olsen","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Oral Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1038\/cdd.2011.159","article-title":"The inflammasome: In memory of Dr. Jurg Tschopp","volume":"19","author":"Dagenais","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox4020322","article-title":"Oxidative stress and dietary fat type in relation to periodontal disease","volume":"4","author":"Quiles","year":"2015","journal-title":"Antioxidants"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1058","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.198610581","article-title":"Biochemistry of oxidative stress","volume":"25","author":"Sies","year":"1986","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2006.07.001","article-title":"Free radicals and antioxidants in normal physiological functions and human disease","volume":"39","author":"Valko","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1177\/10454411990100040301","article-title":"Oxidative Injury and inflammatory periodontal diseases\u202f: The challenge of anti-oxidants to free radicals and reactive oxygen species","volume":"10","author":"Battino","year":"1999","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Oral Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2010.09.023","article-title":"Autophagy and the integrated stress response","volume":"40","author":"Kroemer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol. Cell"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2007.12.018","article-title":"Autophagy in the pathogenesis of disease","volume":"132","author":"Levine","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bullon, P., Cordero, M.D., Quiles, J.L., Ramirez-Tortosa, M.D.C., Gonzalez-Alonso, A., Alfonsi, S., Garc\u00eda-Mar\u00edn, R., de Miguel, M., and Battino, M. (2012). Autophagy in periodontitis patients and gingival fibroblasts: Unraveling the link between chronic diseases and inflammation. BMC Med., 10.","DOI":"10.1186\/1741-7015-10-122"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcb.2007.07.009","article-title":"ROS, mitochondria and the regulation of autophagy","volume":"17","author":"Elazar","year":"2007","journal-title":"Trends Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09663","article-title":"A role for mitochondria in NLRP3 inflammasome activation","volume":"469","author":"Zhou","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.febslet.2010.01.017","article-title":"mTOR regulation of autophagy","volume":"584","author":"Jung","year":"2010","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1111\/omi.12030","article-title":"Gingipain-dependent degradation of mammalian target of rapamycin pathway proteins by the periodontal pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis during invasion","volume":"28","author":"Stafford","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol. Oral Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1117","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.M021485","article-title":"Major involvement of mTOR in the PPAR\u03b3-induced stimulation of adipose tissue lipid uptake and fat accretion","volume":"53","author":"Blanchard","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tain, Y.-L., Hsu, C.-N., and Chan, J. (2015). PPARs link early life nutritional insults to later programmed hypertension and metabolic syndrome. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms17010020"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12787","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v21.i45.12787","article-title":"Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-delta agonist ameliorated inflammasome activation in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"21","author":"Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archoralbio.2008.02.002","article-title":"Protein carbonyl levels in serum and gingival crevicular fluid in patients with chronic periodontitis","volume":"53","author":"Akalin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch. Oral Biol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2014.10.007","article-title":"Lipophilic antioxidants prevent lipopolysaccharide-induced mitochondrial dysfunction through mitochondrial biogenesis improvement","volume":"91","author":"Giampieri","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glv063","article-title":"Coenzyme Q Protects against age-related alveolar bone loss associated to n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid rich-diets by modulating mitochondrial mechanisms","volume":"71","author":"Bullon","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. Ser. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1124\/pr.58.4.5","article-title":"International Union of Pharmacology. LXI. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors","volume":"58","author":"Michalik","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2008.01.001","article-title":"Molecular mechanism of PPAR in the regulation of age-related inflammation","volume":"7","author":"Chung","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ageing Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549691","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/549691","article-title":"PPAR\u03b3 and the innate immune system mediate the resolution of inflammation","volume":"2015","author":"Croasdell","year":"2015","journal-title":"PPAR Res."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2335","DOI":"10.1210\/me.2005-0068","article-title":"Selective expression of a dominant-negative form of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor in keratinocytes leads to impaired epidermal healing","volume":"19","author":"Michalik","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3263","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.207501","article-title":"Critical roles of PPAR\u03b2\/\u03b4 in keratinocyte response to inflammation","volume":"15","author":"Tan","year":"2001","journal-title":"Genes Dev."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2518","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-016-9833-2","article-title":"Metabolic and inflammatory adaptation of reactive astrocytes: Role of PPARs","volume":"54","author":"Iglesias","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.193.7.827","article-title":"Attenuation of colon inflammation through activators of the retinoid X receptor (RXR)\/peroxisome Proliferator-activated receptor \u03b3 (PPAR\u03b3) heterodimer. A basis for new therapeutic strategies","volume":"193","author":"Desreumaux","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1126\/science.3283939","article-title":"The steroid and thyroid hormone receptor superfamily","volume":"240","author":"Evans","year":"1988","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32048","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.274.45.32048","article-title":"Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor \u03b1 negatively regulates the vascular inflammatory gene response by negative cross-talk with transcription factors NF-\u03baB and AP-1","volume":"274","author":"Delerive","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"787159","article-title":"Emerging role of PPAR\u03b2\/\u03b4 in inflammatory process associated to experimental periodontitis","volume":"2011","author":"Briguglio","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mediat. Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e148","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2016.150693","article-title":"Maintained stemness of human periodontal ligament stem cells isolated following prolonged storage of extracted teeth","volume":"87","author":"Kim","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.3109\/00016357.2013.834535","article-title":"Different effects of P. gingivalis LPS and E. coli LPS on the expression of interleukin-6 in human gingival fibroblasts","volume":"72","author":"Andrukhov","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Odontol. Scand."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lu, Y., Zhou, Q., Shi, Y., Liu, J., Zhong, F., Hao, X., Li, C., Chen, N., and Wang, W. (2013). SUMOylation of PPAR\u03b3 by rosiglitazone prevents LPS-induced NCoR degradation mediating down regulation of chemokines expression in renal proximal tubular cells. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0079815"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1080","DOI":"10.1007\/s10753-014-0073-1","article-title":"Preventive effects of protocatechuic acid on LPS-induced inflammatory response in human gingival fibroblasts via activating PPAR\u03b3","volume":"38","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Inflammation"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1177\/154405910608500208","article-title":"Rosiglitazone reduces the evolution of experimental periodontitis in the rat","volume":"85","author":"Mazzon","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1177\/1753425910392089","article-title":"Variants of the human PPARG locus and the susceptibility to chronic periodontitis","volume":"17","author":"Folwaczny","year":"2011","journal-title":"Innate Immun."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2010.090669","article-title":"Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma polymorphism and periodontitis in pregnant Japanese women","volume":"81","author":"Hirano","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2015.140472","article-title":"The interaction between \u03b2-3 adrenergic receptor and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma gene polymorphism to periodontal disease in community-dwelling elderly japanese","volume":"86","author":"Yoshihara","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1111\/ger.12110","article-title":"PPAR\u03b3 gene polymorphism, C-reactive protein level, BMI and periodontitis in post-menopausal Japanese women","volume":"33","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gerodontology"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193019","DOI":"10.1155\/2010\/193019","article-title":"WY-14643, a potent peroxisome proliferator activator receptor-\u03b1 PPAR\u03b1 agonist ameliorates the inflammatory process associated to experimental periodontitis","volume":"2010","author":"Briguglio","year":"2010","journal-title":"PPAR Res."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2655","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-010-1491-z","article-title":"Polymorphisms of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor \u03b3 (PPAR\u03b3) gene are associated with osteoporosis","volume":"22","author":"Tofteng","year":"2011","journal-title":"Osteoporos. Int."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1496","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1672","article-title":"PPAR\u03b3 regulates osteoclastogenesis in mice","volume":"13","author":"Wan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.1112601","article-title":"Liver X receptor activation inhibits osteoclastogenesis by suppressing NF-\u03baB activity and c-Fos induction and prevents inflammatory bone loss in mice","volume":"94","author":"Kim","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0765.2005.00834.x","article-title":"Prostaglandin D2 pathway and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor \u03b3-1 expression are induced by mechanical loading in an osteoblastic cell line","volume":"41","author":"Siddhivarn","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Periodontal Res."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0765.2006.00965.x","article-title":"Mechanical loading and \u039412prostaglandin J2 induce bone morphogenetic protein-2, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor \u03b3-1, and bone nodule formation in an osteoblastic cell line","volume":"42","author":"Siddhivarn","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Periodontal Res."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2009.04.010","article-title":"The 15-deoxy-\u039412,14-prostaglandin J2 inhibits LPS-stimulated AKT and NF-\u03baB activation and suppresses interleukin-6 in osteoblast-like cells MC3T3E-1","volume":"85","author":"Jung","year":"2009","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1177\/154405910808700403","article-title":"Osteoporosis and oral infection: Independent risk factors for oral bone loss","volume":"87","author":"Genco","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1613","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2010.100190","article-title":"Association between periodontal disease and osteoporosis in postmenopausal women in Jordan","volume":"81","author":"Alchalabi","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1601-0825.2011.01881.x","article-title":"The relationship between osteoporosis and periodontitis in women aged 45\u201370 years","volume":"18","author":"Pepelassi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Oral Dis."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-051X.2004.00548.x","article-title":"A longitudinal study of the relationship between periodontal disease and bone mineral density in community-dwelling older adults","volume":"31","author":"Yoshihara","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Clin. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2009.06.002","article-title":"PPAR\u03b3 agonist rosiglitazone prevents inflammatory periodontal bone loss by inhibiting osteoclastogenesis","volume":"9","author":"Hassumi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1111\/odi.12032","article-title":"Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)\u03b3 polymorphism, vitamin d, bone mineral density and periodontitis in postmenopausal women","volume":"19","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Oral Dis."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0501.2012.02517.x","article-title":"PPAR\u03b3 delivered by Ch-GNPs onto titanium surfaces inhibits implant-induced inflammation and induces bone mineralization of MC-3T3E1 osteoblast-like cells","volume":"24","author":"Bhattarai","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Oral Implant. Res."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0757.2012.00455.x","article-title":"Obesity, diabetes mellitus, atherosclerosis and chronic periodontitis: A shared pathology via oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction?","volume":"64","author":"Bullon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Periodontol. 2000"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2003.10.013","article-title":"Inflammation: The link between insulin resistance, obesity and diabetes","volume":"25","author":"Dandona","year":"2004","journal-title":"Trends Immunol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-physiol-020911-153245","article-title":"Fetal programming and metabolic syndrome","volume":"74","author":"Rinaudo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E797","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00372.2015","article-title":"The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors under epigenetic control in placental metabolism and fetal development","volume":"310","author":"Lendvai","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549627","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/549627","article-title":"Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor targets for the treatment of metabolic diseases","volume":"2013","author":"Monsalve","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mediat. Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_69","first-page":"w13071","article-title":"Multifaceted roles of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) at the cellular and whole organism levels","volume":"140","author":"Yessoufou","year":"2010","journal-title":"Swiss Med. Wkly."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06758","article-title":"Genetics of gene expression and its effect on disease","volume":"452","author":"Emilsson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2348","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-4658.2009.06967.x","article-title":"A role of miR-27 in the regulation of adipogenesis","volume":"276","author":"Lin","year":"2009","journal-title":"FEBS J."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2008.09.050","article-title":"Up-regulated expression of microRNA-143 in association with obesity in adipose tissue of mice fed high-fat diet","volume":"376","author":"Takanabe","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1002\/jcla.20045","article-title":"Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor\u202f\u03b3 gene polymorphism is associated with serum triglyceride levels and body mass index in Japanese type 2 diabetic patients","volume":"18","author":"Maeda","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Clin. Lab. Anal."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1771","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.201100437","article-title":"PPAR\u03b3 Pro12Ala interacts with fat intake for obesity and weight loss in a behavioural treatment based on the Mediterranean diet","volume":"55","author":"Garaulet","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.201500619","article-title":"Dietary regulation of adiponectin by direct and indirect lipid activators of nuclear hormone receptors","volume":"60","author":"Landrier","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2006.03.422","article-title":"PPAR\u03b4 modulates lipopolysaccharide-induced TNF-\u03b1 inflammation signaling in cultured cardiomyocytes","volume":"40","author":"Ding","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1569","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbalip.2016.01.019","article-title":"PPAR\u03b2\/\u03b4 and lipid metabolism in the heart","volume":"1861","author":"Palomer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1160","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034512465292","article-title":"Gene expression dynamics during diabetic periodontitis","volume":"91","author":"Andriankaja","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1902\/annals.1998.3.1.40","article-title":"PGE2, IL-1\u03b2, and TNF-\u03b1 responses in diabetics as modifiers of periodontal disease expression","volume":"3","author":"Salvi","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ann. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0765.2006.00911.x","article-title":"High glucose-boosted inflammatory responses to lipopolysaccharide are suppressed by statin","volume":"42","author":"Nareika","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Periodontal Res."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/18\/7\/1438\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T18:41:30Z","timestamp":1760208090000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/18\/7\/1438"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,5]]},"references-count":80,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,7]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms18071438"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms18071438","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,5]]}}}