{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T21:32:47Z","timestamp":1791581567040,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":128,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,22]],"date-time":"2017-07-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1500681600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013704","name":"Conacyt","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["267755"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["267755"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013704","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002347","name":"BMBF","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["01DN16039"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["01DN16039"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002347","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Even decades after the discovery of Cadmium (Cd) toxicity, research on this heavy metal is still a hot topic in scientific literature: as we wrote this review, more than 1440 scientific articles had been published and listed by the PubMed.gov website during 2017. Cadmium is one of the most common and harmful heavy metals present in our environment. Since pregnancy is a very particular physiological condition that could impact and modify essential pathways involved in the handling of Cd, the prenatal life is a critical stage for exposure to this non-essential element. To give the reader an overview of the possible mechanisms involved in the multiple organ toxic effects in fetuses after the exposure to Cd during pregnancy, we decided to compile some of the most relevant experimental studies performed in experimental models and to summarize the advances in this field such as the Cd distribution and the factors that could alter it (diet, binding-proteins and membrane transporters), the Cd-induced toxicity in dams (preeclampsia, fertility, kidney injury, alteration in essential element homeostasis and bone mineralization), in placenta and in fetus (teratogenicity, central nervous system, liver and kidney).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18071590","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,24]],"date-time":"2017-07-24T10:04:13Z","timestamp":1500890653000},"page":"1590","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":90,"title":["Cadmium Handling, Toxicity and Molecular Targets Involved during Pregnancy: Lessons from Experimental Models"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9682-8627","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tania","family":"Jacobo-Estrada","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Sociedad y Pol\u00edtica Ambiental, CIIEMAD, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, 30 de Junio de 1520 s\/n, La Laguna Ticom\u00e1n, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 07340, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mitzi","family":"Santoyo-S\u00e1nchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Toxicolog\u00eda, Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Av. Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional 2508, Gustavo A. Madero, San Pedro Zacatenco, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 07360, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frank","family":"Th\u00e9venod","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Pathophysiology &amp; Toxicology and ZBAF (Centre for Biomedical Education and Research), Faculty of Health-School of Medicine, Witten\/Herdecke University, Stockumer Str 12 (Thyssenhaus), D 58453 Witten, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olivier","family":"Barbier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Toxicolog\u00eda, Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Av. Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional 2508, Gustavo A. Madero, San Pedro Zacatenco, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 07360, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-9351(78)90160-3","article-title":"A kinetic model of cadmium metabolism in the human being","volume":"16","author":"Kjellstrom","year":"1978","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2009.04.020","article-title":"Current status of cadmium as an environmental health problem","volume":"238","author":"Jarup","year":"2009","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"ATSDR (2017, June 29). U.S.Toxicological Profile for Cadmium, Available online: https:\/\/www.atsdr.cdc.gov\/toxprofiles\/tp.asp?id=48&tid=15."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Klaassen, C.D. (2013). Toxics effects of metals. Casarett and Doull's Toxicology: The Basic Science of Poisons, McGraw-Hill, Health Professions Division."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Klaassen, C.D. (2013). Developmental toxicology. Casarett and Doull's Toxicology: The Basic Science of Poisons, McGraw-Hill, Health Professions Division."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2014.00065","article-title":"Physiologic and pharmacokinetic changes in pregnancy","volume":"5","author":"Costantine","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1007\/s10354-012-0074-3","article-title":"The role of the placenta in fetal exposure to heavy metals","volume":"162","author":"Gundacker","year":"2012","journal-title":"Wien. Med. Wochenschr."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2563","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-016-1816-6","article-title":"Genetics of the human placenta: Implications for toxicokinetics","volume":"90","author":"Gundacker","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arch. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gde.2015.03.001","article-title":"Improving our resolution of kidney morphogenesis across time and space","volume":"32","author":"Little","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tjog.2017.01.001","article-title":"Fetal programming of the metabolic syndrome","volume":"56","author":"Marciniak","year":"2017","journal-title":"Taiwan J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2013.04.009","article-title":"Birth outcome measures and maternal exposure to heavy metals (lead, cadmium and mercury) in Saudi Arabian population","volume":"217","author":"Shinwari","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2007.08.002","article-title":"Epidemiology of prenatal smoking and perinatal outcomes","volume":"83","author":"Salihu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Early Hum. Dev."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luo, Y., McCullough, L.E., Tzeng, J.Y., Darrah, T., Vengosh, A., Maguire, R.L., Maity, A., Samuel-Hodge, C., Murphy, S.K., and Mendez, M.A. (2017). Maternal blood cadmium, lead and arsenic levels, nutrient combinations, and offspring birthweight. BMC Public Health, 17.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-017-4225-8"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1007\/s40572-015-0058-8","article-title":"Perinatal and childhood exposure to cadmium, manganese, and metal mixtures and effects on cognition and behavior: A review of recent literature","volume":"2","author":"Sanders","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Environ. Health Rep."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Appleton, A., Jackson, B., Karagas, M., and Marsit, C. (2017). Prenatal exposure to neurotoxic metals is associated with increased placental glucocorticoid receptor DNA methylation. Epigenetics.","DOI":"10.1080\/15592294.2017.1320637"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1007\/s40572-015-0049-9","article-title":"The epigenetic effects of prenatal cadmium exposure","volume":"2","author":"Vilahur","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Environ. Health Rep."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1007\/s10534-010-9328-y","article-title":"Heavy metal poisoning: The effects of cadmium on the kidney","volume":"23","author":"Johri","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biometals"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1159\/000083981","article-title":"Effect of heavy metals on, and handling by, the kidney","volume":"99","author":"Barbier","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nephron Physiol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1007\/s10534-010-9309-1","article-title":"Catch me if you can! Novel aspects of cadmium transport in mammalian cells","volume":"23","author":"Thevenod","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biometals"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1743","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-013-1110-9","article-title":"Cadmium and cellular signaling cascades: Interactions between cell death and survival pathways","volume":"87","author":"Thevenod","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arch. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"415","article-title":"Toxicology of cadmium and its damage to mammalian organs","volume":"11","author":"Thevenod","year":"2013","journal-title":"Met. Ions Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7115","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)83208-2","article-title":"Cadmium evokes inositol polyphosphate formation and calcium mobilization. Evidence for a cell surface receptor that cadmium stimulates and zinc antagonizes","volume":"264","author":"Smith","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1484","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms16011484","article-title":"Cadmium transporters in the kidney and cadmium-induced nephrotoxicity","volume":"16","author":"Yang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2009.01.013","article-title":"Cadmium and cellular signaling cascades: To be or not to be?","volume":"238","author":"Thevenod","year":"2009","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1620\/tjem.239.25","article-title":"Oxidative stress and cardiovascular dysfunction associated with cadmium exposure: Beneficial effects of curcumin and tetrahydrocurcumin","volume":"239","author":"Kukongviriyapan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Tohoku J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Fassett, D. (1972). Metallic Contaminants and Human Health, Academic Press."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Cadmium (1995). Background and National Experience with Reducing Risk, Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development. Available online: http:\/\/www.oecd.org\/officialdocuments\/publicdisplaydocumentpdf\/?doclanguage=en&cote=ocde\/gd(94)97."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Emsley, J. (2011). Nature\u2019s Building Blocks: An a-z Guide to the Elements, Oxford University Press."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1385\/BTER:89:2:97","article-title":"Maternal and fetal cadmium and selenium status in normotensive and hypertensive pregnancy","volume":"89","author":"Kosanovic","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biol. Trace Elem. Res."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"1","article-title":"Health effects of cadmium exposure\u2014A review of the literature and a risk estimate","volume":"24","author":"Jarup","year":"1998","journal-title":"Scand. J. Work Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/S0013-9351(05)80143-4","article-title":"Cadmium determination in mexican-produced tobacco","volume":"55","author":"Saldivar","year":"1991","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-9351(83)90209-8","article-title":"Cadmium exposure from smoking cigarettes: Variations with time and country where purchased","volume":"32","author":"Elinder","year":"1983","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2016.08.027","article-title":"Arsenic, lead, mercury and cadmium: Toxicity, levels in breast milk and the risks for breastfed infants","volume":"151","author":"Rebelo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F1450","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00223.2007","article-title":"Cadmium causes delayed effects on renal function in the offspring of cadmium-contaminated pregnant female rats","volume":"293","author":"Jacquillet","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Ren. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1080\/15287394.2015.1026622","article-title":"Effects of maternal exposure to cadmium oxide nanoparticles during pregnancy on maternal and offspring kidney injury markers using a murine model","volume":"78","author":"Blum","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Toxicol. Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/S0048-9697(01)00982-2","article-title":"Chemical composition of PM2.5 and PM10 in mexico city during winter 1997","volume":"287","author":"Chow","year":"2002","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2013.07.012","article-title":"Exposure to inhaled particulate matter activates early markers of oxidative stress, inflammation and unfolded protein response in rat striatum","volume":"222","author":"Guerra","year":"2013","journal-title":"Toxicol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1006\/taap.2002.9505","article-title":"Cadmium absorption and its relationship to divalent metal transporter-1 in the pregnant rat","volume":"185","author":"Leazer","year":"2002","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2016.08.008","article-title":"Cadmium, iron and zinc interaction and hematological parameters in rat dams and their offspring","volume":"38","author":"Schonwald","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Trace Elem. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1038\/jes.2013.92","article-title":"A review of physiological and behavioral changes during pregnancy and lactation: Potential exposure factors and data gaps","volume":"24","author":"Moya","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Expo. Sci. Environ. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1100","DOI":"10.1139\/apnm-2015-0117","article-title":"Nutrient availability, the microbiome, and intestinal transport during pregnancy","volume":"40","author":"Astbury","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1183","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.3286","article-title":"Evaluation of kidney injury biomarkers in rat amniotic fluid after gestational exposure to cadmium","volume":"36","author":"Barbier","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Appl. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1035","DOI":"10.2131\/jts.37.1035","article-title":"Participation of metal transporters in cadmium transport from mother rat to fetus","volume":"37","author":"Nakamura","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Toxicol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"508","article-title":"Oral cadmium exposure during rat pregnancy: Assessment of transplacental micronutrient transport and steroidogenesis at term","volume":"35","author":"Piasek","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Toxicol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfs008","article-title":"Cadmium associated with inhaled cadmium oxide nanoparticles impacts fetal and neonatal development and growth","volume":"126","author":"Blum","year":"2012","journal-title":"Toxicol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1007\/s002040050003","article-title":"Cadmium in milk and mammary gland in rats and mice","volume":"73","author":"Oskarsson","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arch. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/71.2.154","article-title":"Cadmium pathways during gestation and lactation in control versus metallothoinein 1,2-knockout mice","volume":"71","author":"Brako","year":"2003","journal-title":"Toxicol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2010.05.004","article-title":"Transport pathways for cadmium in the intestine and kidney proximal tubule: Focus on the interaction with essential metals","volume":"198","author":"Vesey","year":"2010","journal-title":"Toxicol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP108","article-title":"Health risk assessment of dietary cadmium intake: Do current guidelines indicate how much is safe?","volume":"125","author":"Satarug","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2007.10.011","article-title":"Involvement of intestinal calcium transporter 1 and metallothionein in cadmium accumulation in the liver and kidney of mice fed a low-calcium diet","volume":"176","author":"Min","year":"2008","journal-title":"Toxicol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1557","DOI":"10.1248\/bpb.b15-00341","article-title":"Dietary deficiency of calcium and\/or iron, an age-related risk factor for renal accumulation of cadmium in mice","volume":"38","author":"Min","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biol. Pharm. Bull."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2007.10.026","article-title":"Normal cadmium uptake in microcytic anemia mk\/mk mice suggests that DMT1 is not the only cadmium transporter in vivo","volume":"227","author":"Suzuki","year":"2008","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F127","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00366.2004","article-title":"Zinc protects renal function during cadmium intoxication in the rat","volume":"290","author":"Jacquillet","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Ren. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2008.11.012","article-title":"Naringenin protects against cadmium-induced oxidative renal dysfunction in rats","volume":"256","author":"Renugadevi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2006.05.011","article-title":"Comparative study of natural antioxidants-curcumin, resveratrol and melatonin- in cadmium-induced oxidative damage in mice","volume":"225","author":"Eybl","year":"2006","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.3390\/nu7010552","article-title":"Dietary strategies for the treatment of cadmium and lead toxicity","volume":"7","author":"Zhai","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4429","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00695-16","article-title":"Oral administration of probiotics inhibits absorption of the heavy metal cadmium by protecting the intestinal barrier","volume":"82","author":"Zhai","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1039\/C4MT00164H","article-title":"Iron regulatory proteins and their role in controlling iron metabolism","volume":"7","author":"Kuhn","year":"2015","journal-title":"Metallomics"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G635","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00160.2015","article-title":"Intestinal DMT1 is critical for iron absorption in the mouse but is not required for the absorption of copper or manganese","volume":"309","author":"Shawki","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-006-0160-7","article-title":"Regulation of metal transporters by dietary iron, and the relationship between body iron levels and cadmium uptake","volume":"81","author":"Kim","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arch. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105325","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/105325","article-title":"Effects of pregnancy and lactation on iron metabolism in rats","volume":"2015","author":"Gao","year":"2015","journal-title":"BioMed Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C450","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00348.2013","article-title":"Functional properties of human ferroportin, a cellular iron exporter reactive also with cobalt and zinc","volume":"306","author":"Mitchell","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.pharmtox.39.1.267","article-title":"Metallothionein: An intracellular protein to protect against cadmium toxicity","volume":"39","author":"Klaassen","year":"1999","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1006\/taap.1993.1116","article-title":"Mobilization of hepatic cadmium in pregnant rats","volume":"120","author":"Chan","year":"1993","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1369\/0022155416672210","article-title":"Megalin is predominantly observed in vesicular structures in first and third trimester cytotrophoblasts of the human placenta","volume":"64","author":"Storm","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Histochem. Cytochem."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F393","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00233.2003","article-title":"Megalin mediates renal uptake of heavy metal metallothionein complexes","volume":"287","author":"Klassen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Ren. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.106.102574","article-title":"Megalin-dependent internalization of cadmium-metallothionein and cytotoxicity in cultured renal proximal tubule cells","volume":"318","author":"Wolff","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2012.05.012","article-title":"Role of megalin and the soluble form of its ligand RAP in Cd-metallothionein endocytosis and Cd-metallothionein-induced nephrotoxicity in vivo","volume":"212","author":"Onodera","year":"2012","journal-title":"Toxicol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1039\/C5MT00215J","article-title":"Iron transport in the kidney: Implications for physiology and cadmium nephrotoxicity","volume":"8","author":"Thevenod","year":"2016","journal-title":"Metallomics"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Langelueddecke, C., Roussa, E., Fenton, R.A., and Thevenod, F. (2013). Expression and function of the lipocalin-2 (24p3\/NGAL) receptor in rodent and human intestinal epithelia. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0071586"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1007\/s13181-011-0143-9","article-title":"Gestational cadmium exposure-induced ovotoxicity delays puberty through oxidative stress and impaired steroid hormone levels","volume":"7","author":"Samuel","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Med. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-015-0438-9","article-title":"Increased oxidative DNA damage in placenta contributes to cadmium-induced preeclamptic conditions in rat","volume":"170","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biol. Trace Elem. Res."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, F., Zhang, Q., Zhang, X., Luo, S., Ye, D., Guo, Y., Chen, S., and Huang, Y. (2014). Preeclampsia induced by cadmium in rats is related to abnormal local glucocorticoid synthesis in placenta. Reprod. Biol. Endocrinol., 12.","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7827-12-77"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2016.07.073","article-title":"Cadmium-induced immune abnormality is a key pathogenic event in human and rat models of preeclampsia","volume":"218","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2009.04.008","article-title":"Cadmium exposure during pregnancy reduces birth weight and increases maternal and foetal glucocorticoids","volume":"188","author":"Ronco","year":"2009","journal-title":"Toxicol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1002\/jbt.20246","article-title":"Biochemical effects of gestational coexposure to lead and cadmium on reproductive performance, placenta, and ovary","volume":"22","author":"Nampoothiri","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Biochem. Mol. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2008.09.028","article-title":"Effects of cadmium on the expression of placental lactogens and pit-1 genes in the rat placental trophoblast cells","volume":"298","author":"Lee","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1016\/0890-6238(94)90032-9","article-title":"Acute cadmium exposure and ovarian steroidogenesis in cycling and pregnant rats","volume":"8","author":"Piasek","year":"1994","journal-title":"Reprod. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1006\/eesa.1996.0111","article-title":"Cadmium interaction with essential metals (Zn, Cu, Fe), metabolism metallothionein, and ceruloplasmin in pregnant rats and fetuses","volume":"35","author":"Chmielnicka","year":"1996","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-4274(02)00007-3","article-title":"Maternal-fetal distribution of cadmium in the guinea pig following a low dose inhalation exposure","volume":"129","author":"Trottier","year":"2002","journal-title":"Toxicol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1006\/taap.1994.1168","article-title":"Effect of cadmium on bone calcium and 45Ca in mouse dams on a calcium-deficient diet: Evidence of itai-itai-like syndrome","volume":"127","author":"Wang","year":"1994","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1620\/tjem.196.33","article-title":"Effects of cadmium intake on bone metabolism of mothers during pregnancy and lactation","volume":"196","author":"Otha","year":"2002","journal-title":"Tohoku J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ogc.2015.01.007","article-title":"Preeclampsia: Short-term and long-term implications","volume":"42","author":"Pauli","year":"2015","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2010.393","article-title":"Targeted inhibition of complement activation prevents features of preeclampsia in mice","volume":"79","author":"Qing","year":"2011","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.pharmtox.48.113006.094615","article-title":"Biomarkers of acute kidney injury","volume":"48","author":"Vaidya","year":"2008","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2006.08.011","article-title":"Glycine reduces cadmium-induced teratogenic damage in mice","volume":"23","year":"2007","journal-title":"Reprod. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2016.06.048","article-title":"Acute toxicity of quantum dots on late pregnancy mice: Effects of nanoscale size and surface coating","volume":"318","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2009.08.014","article-title":"Dose- and route-dependent hormonal activity of the metalloestrogen cadmium in the rat uterus","volume":"191","author":"Hofer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Toxicol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2165","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20061022","article-title":"Complement activation induces dysregulation of angiogenic factors and causes fetal rejection and growth restriction","volume":"203","author":"Girardi","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2010.03.010","article-title":"Dysregulated complement activation as a common pathway of injury in preeclampsia and other pregnancy complications","volume":"31","author":"Lynch","year":"2010","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jri.2012.11.006","article-title":"Elevated complement factor C5a in maternal and umbilical cord plasma in preeclampsia","volume":"97","author":"Denny","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Reprod. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1024426931676","article-title":"Low iron diet and parenteral cadmium exposure in pregnant rats: The effects on trace elements and fetal viability","volume":"17","author":"Piasek","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biometals"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"965S","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/67.5.965S","article-title":"Copper transport","volume":"67","author":"Linder","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.3181\/00379727-203-43619","article-title":"Ceruloplasmin and copper transport during the latter part of gestation in the rat","volume":"203","author":"Lee","year":"1993","journal-title":"Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1007\/s10534-011-9509-3","article-title":"Lack of ceruloplasmin expression alters aspects of copper transport to the fetus and newborn, as determined in mice","volume":"25","author":"Chu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biometals"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.2131\/jts.37.149","article-title":"Health effects of low-level cadmium intake and the role of metallothionein on cadmium transport from mother rats to fetus","volume":"37","author":"Nakamura","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Toxicol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-2736(02)00466-2","article-title":"Calcium uptake and calcium transporter expression by trophoblast cells from human term placenta","volume":"1564","author":"Moreau","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1249","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.080314","article-title":"Calcium channel TRPV6 is involved in murine maternal-fetal calcium transport","volume":"23","author":"Suzuki","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceca.2010.11.007","article-title":"Heavy metal cations permeate the TRPV6 epithelial cation channel","volume":"49","author":"Kovacs","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell Calcium"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceca.2013.07.003","article-title":"Human TRPV5 and TRPV6: Key players in cadmium and zinc toxicity","volume":"54","author":"Kovacs","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell Calcium"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3249","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.13-231852","article-title":"Maternal-fetal transfer of selenium in the mouse","volume":"27","author":"Burk","year":"2013","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1530\/jrf.0.0070263","article-title":"Vascular changes at sites of oestrogen biosynthesis produced by parenteral injection of cadmium salts: The destruction of the placenta by cadmium salts","volume":"7","year":"1964","journal-title":"J. Reprod. Fertil."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1530\/jrf.0.0090111","article-title":"The peculiar toxicity of cadmium during pregnancy\u2013an experimental \u201ctoxaemia of pregnancy\u201c induced by cadmium salts","volume":"9","year":"1965","journal-title":"J. Reprod. Fertil."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-008X(81)90434-8","article-title":"Fetal toxicity of cadmium in the rat: Decreased utero-placental blood flow","volume":"58","author":"Levin","year":"1981","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2016.07.007","article-title":"Cadmium-induced neural tube defects and fetal growth restriction: Association with disturbance of placental folate transport","volume":"306","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2012.01.001","article-title":"Cadmium-induced teratogenicity: Association with ROS-mediated endoplasmic reticulum stress in placenta","volume":"259","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1293\/tox.2016-0022","article-title":"Histological localization of cadmium in rat placenta by LA-ICP-MS","volume":"29","author":"Yamagishi","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Toxicol. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2016.10.011","article-title":"Epigenetic regulation of placental glucose transporters mediates maternal cadmium-induced fetal growth restriction","volume":"372","author":"Xu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38154","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.9415","article-title":"Down-regulation of ABCG2 and ABCB4 transporters in the placenta of rats exposed to cadmium","volume":"7","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arcmed.2010.03.003","article-title":"Cadmium intoxication of pregnant rats and fetuses: Interactions of copper supplementation","volume":"41","author":"Enli","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2004.09.015","article-title":"Effect of gestational and lactational exposure to lead and\/or cadmium on reproductive performance and hepatic oestradiol metabolising enzymes","volume":"155","author":"Pillai","year":"2005","journal-title":"Toxicol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-2952(82)90202-7","article-title":"Functions of metallothionein","volume":"31","author":"Webb","year":"1982","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfn221","article-title":"Cadmium-induced differential toxicogenomic response in resistant and sensitive mouse strains undergoing neurulation","volume":"107","author":"Robinson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Toxicol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.1489","article-title":"Post-partum testosterone administration does not reverse the effects of perinatal exposure to cadmium on rat offspring development","volume":"30","author":"Felicio","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Appl. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.2550110105","article-title":"Changes in urinary proximal tubule parameters in neonatal rats exposed to cadmium chloride during pregnancy","volume":"11","author":"Saillenfait","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Appl. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Castillo, P., Ibanez, F., Guajardo, A., Llanos, M.N., and Ronco, A.M. (2012). Impact of cadmium exposure during pregnancy on hepatic glucocorticoid receptor methylation and expression in rat fetus. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0044139"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.1111\/rda.12439","article-title":"Effect of a single dose of cadmium on pregnant wistar rats and their offspring","volume":"49","author":"Quiroga","year":"2014","journal-title":"Reprod. Domest. Anim."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2007.06.005","article-title":"Comparative molecular pathology of cadmium- and all-trans-retinoic acid-induced postaxial forelimb ectrodactyly","volume":"225","author":"Liao","year":"2007","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2007.08.005","article-title":"Protection against cadmium-induced teratogenicity in vitro by glycine","volume":"22","year":"2008","journal-title":"Toxicol. In Vitro"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ntt.2004.05.001","article-title":"Embryotoxic and long-term effects of cadmium exposure during embryogenesis in rats","volume":"26","author":"Salvatori","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neurotoxicol. Teratol."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2004.11.013","article-title":"Cadmium-induced postaxial forelimb ectrodactyly: Association with altered sonic hedgehog signaling","volume":"19","author":"Scott","year":"2005","journal-title":"Reprod. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1016\/S0147-6513(03)00063-0","article-title":"Biochemical changes in the kidneys after perinatal intoxication with lead and\/or cadmium and their antagonistic effects when coadministered","volume":"57","author":"Corredor","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2004.12.009","article-title":"Effects of cadmium exposure during pregnancy on trace elements in fetal rat liver and kidney","volume":"156","author":"Kuriwaki","year":"2005","journal-title":"Toxicol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-2042.2008.02163.x","article-title":"Neural tube defects: Prevalence, etiology and prevention","volume":"16","author":"Kondo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02686024","article-title":"Transmission electron microscopy study of the effects of cadmium and copper on fetal rat liver tissue","volume":"115","author":"Abban","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biol. Trace Elem. Res."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.4067\/S0717-95022004000300010","article-title":"Renal morphometry of fetuses rats treated with cadmium","volume":"22","author":"Roman","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Morphol."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"760580","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/760580","article-title":"Developmental programming of hypertension and kidney disease","volume":"2012","author":"Chong","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M111.308296","article-title":"Lipocalin-2 (24p3\/neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL)) receptor is expressed in distal nephron and mediates protein endocytosis","volume":"287","author":"Langelueddecke","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/18\/7\/1590\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T18:43:40Z","timestamp":1760208220000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/18\/7\/1590"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,22]]},"references-count":128,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,7]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms18071590"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms18071590","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,22]]}}}