{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T22:45:45Z","timestamp":1792795545635,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":155,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,27]],"date-time":"2017-09-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1506470400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Despite a significant decrease in the incidence of gastric cancer in Western countries over the past century, gastric cancer is still one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Most human gastric cancers develop after long-term Helicobacter pylori infection via the Correa pathway: the progression is from gastritis, atrophy, intestinal metaplasia, dysplasia, to cancer. However, it remains unclear whether metaplasia is a direct precursor of gastric cancer or merely a marker of high cancer risk. Here, we review human studies on the relationship between metaplasia and cancer in the stomach, data from mouse models of metaplasia regarding the mechanism of metaplasia development, and the cellular responses induced by H. pylori infection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18102063","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,27]],"date-time":"2017-09-27T10:52:25Z","timestamp":1506509545000},"page":"2063","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":77,"title":["Metaplasia in the Stomach\u2014Precursor of Gastric Cancer?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Hiroto","family":"Kinoshita","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Medicine, Department of Gastroenterology, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3988-2499","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yoku","family":"Hayakawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Medicine, Department of Gastroenterology, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kazuhiko","family":"Koike","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Medicine, Department of Gastroenterology, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E359","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.29210","article-title":"Cancer incidence and mortality worldwide: Sources, methods and major patterns in globocan 2012","volume":"136","author":"Ferlay","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. 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