{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T06:10:13Z","timestamp":1790403013328,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":114,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,17]],"date-time":"2017-11-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1510876800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"The Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education","award":["501-1-21-27-17"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["501-1-21-27-17"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Uterine fibroids (UFs) are benign tumors of the female genital tract made of the smooth muscle of the uterus. UF growth depends mostly on the influence of the steroid hormones and selected growth factors. Transforming growth factor \u03b2 (TGF-\u03b2s) is a polypeptide that consists of three isoforms: TGF-\u03b21, TGF-\u03b22, and TGF-\u03b23. At present, TGF-\u03b2 is considered to be one of the key factors in the pathophysiology of UFs. It plays a major role in cellular migration within the tumor, stimulates tumor growth, and enhances tumor metabolism. As a consequence of various dependencies, the synthesis and release of TGF-\u03b2 in a UF tumor is increased, which results in excessive extracellular matrix production and storage. High concentrations or overexpression of TGF-\u03b2 mediators may be responsible for clinically symptomatic UFs. The aim of this review was to check the available evidence for the influence of the TGF-\u03b2 family on UF biology. We conducted their search in PubMed of the National Library of Medicine with the use of the following selected keywords: \u201cuterine fibroid\u201d, \u201cleiomyoma\u201d, and \u201ctransforming growth factor \u03b2\u201d. After reviewing the titles and abstracts, more than 115 full articles were evaluated. We focused on the TGF-\u03b2-related molecular aspects and their influence on the most common symptoms that are associated with UFs. Also, we described how the available data might implicate the current medical management of UFs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18112435","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,17]],"date-time":"2017-11-17T12:00:20Z","timestamp":1510920020000},"page":"2435","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":108,"title":["Role of Transforming Growth Factor \u03b2 in Uterine Fibroid Biology"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5780-5983","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Micha\u0142","family":"Ciebiera","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"First Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, 00-416 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1545-2547","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta","family":"W\u0142odarczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Clinical Chemistry, Department of Pharmacogenomics, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9820-3871","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ma\u0142gorzata","family":"Wrzosek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Clinical Chemistry, Department of Pharmacogenomics, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B\u0142a\u017cej","family":"M\u0119czekalski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynecological Endocrinology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-513 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9556-6813","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gra\u017cyna","family":"Nowicka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Clinical Chemistry, Department of Pharmacogenomics, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Krzysztof","family":"\u0141ukaszuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecological Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-210 Gdansk, Poland"},{"name":"INVICTA Fertility and Reproductive Center, 80-172 Gdansk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Magdalena","family":"Ciebiera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Students\u2019 Scientific Association at the I Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-015 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aneta","family":"S\u0142abuszewska-J\u00f3\u017awiak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"First Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, 00-416 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Grzegorz","family":"Jakiel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"First Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, 00-416 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2007.01.093","article-title":"Etiology, symptomatology, and diagnosis of uterine myomas","volume":"87","author":"Parker","year":"2007","journal-title":"Fertil. 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