{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T22:44:06Z","timestamp":1789253046393,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,17]],"date-time":"2017-11-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1510876800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004663","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MOST-103-2628-B-110-002-MY3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST-103-2628-B-110-002-MY3"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Fisheries Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan, Taiwan","award":["103AS-14.3.3-AI-A1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["103AS-14.3.3-AI-A1"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Research so far has only shown that edible red macroalgae, Sarcodia ceylanica has the ability to eliminate free radicals and anti-diabetic, anti-bacterial properties. This study was conducted both in vitro and in vivo on the ethyl acetate extract (PD1) of farmed red macroalgae in order to explore its anti-inflammatory properties. In order to study the in vitro anti-inflammatory effects of PD1, we used lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to induce inflammatory responses in murine macrophages. For evaluating the potential in vivo anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive effects of PD1, we used carrageenan-induced rat paw edema to produce inflammatory pain. The in vitro results indicated that PD1 inhibited the LPS-induced pro-inflammatory protein, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in macrophages. Oral PD1 can reduce carrageenan-induced paw edema and inflammatory nociception. PD1 can significantly inhibit carrageenan-induced leukocyte infiltration, as well as the protein expression of inflammatory mediators (iNOS, interleukin-1\u03b2, and myeloperoxidase) in inflammatory tissue. The above results indicated that PD1 has great potential to be turned into a functional food or used in the development of new anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive agents. The results from this study are expected to help scientists in the continued development of Sarcodia ceylanica for other biomedical applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18112437","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,17]],"date-time":"2017-11-17T12:00:20Z","timestamp":1510920020000},"page":"2437","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Anti-Inflammatory and Antinociceptive Effects of Ethyl Acetate Fraction of an Edible Red Macroalgae Sarcodia ceylanica"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Chieh-Chih","family":"Shih","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Marketing and Distribution Management, Fortune Institute of Technology, Kaohsiung 83158, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hwong-Ru","family":"Hwang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Pingtung Christian Hospital, Pingtung 90059, Taiwan"},{"name":"Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung 81362, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chi-I","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huei-Meei","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tungkang Biotechnology Research Center, Fisheries Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, Pingtung 92845, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pei-Chin","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Doctoral Degree Program in Marine Biotechnology, National Sun Yat-sen University and Academia Sinica, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5749-7757","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hsiao-Mei","family":"Kuo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Neuroscience, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pei-Jyuan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marine Biomedical Laboratory and Center for Translational Biopharmaceuticals, Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5162-9752","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hui-Min","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan"},{"name":"College of Oceanology and Food Science, Quanzhou Normal University, Quanzhou 362000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kuan-Hao","family":"Tsui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung 81362, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacy and Graduate Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Tajen University, Pingtung 90741, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu-Chi","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Chinese Materia Medica Development, National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Taipei 112, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shi-Ying","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Oceanology and Food Science, Quanzhou Normal University, Quanzhou 362000, China"},{"name":"Fujian Province Key Laboratory for the Development of Bioactive Material from Marine Algae, Quanzhou 362000, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Inshore Resources Biotechnology (Quanzhou Normal University), Fujian Province University, Quanzhou 362000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4411-044X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhi-Hong","family":"Wen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Doctoral Degree Program in Marine Biotechnology, National Sun Yat-sen University and Academia Sinica, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan"},{"name":"Marine Biomedical Laboratory and Center for Translational Biopharmaceuticals, Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.3390\/md13010202","article-title":"Statistical research on the bioactivity of new marine natural products discovered during the 28 years from 1985 to 2012","volume":"13","author":"Hu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mar. 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