{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T13:37:07Z","timestamp":1790516227320,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,27]],"date-time":"2017-11-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1511740800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The kidney plays a central role in the regulation of the body water balance. The process of targeting the water channel aquaporin-2 (AQP2) on the apical plasma membrane of the collecting duct (CD) principal cells is mainly regulated by the antidiuretic peptide hormone arginine vasopressin (AVP), which is responsible for the maintenance of water homeostasis. Recently, much attention has been focused on the local factors modulating renal water reabsorption by AQP2 in the collecting ducts, especially prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). PGE2 is a lipid mediator involved in a variety of physiological and pathophysiological processes in the kidney. The biological function of PGE2 is mainly mediated by four G-protein-coupled receptors, namely EP1-4, which couple to drive separate intracellular signaling pathways. Increasing evidence demonstrates that PGE2 is essential for renal water transport regulation via multiple mechanisms. Each EP receptor plays a unique role in regulating water reabsorption in renal collecting ducts. This brief review highlights the role of PGE2 in the regulation of water reabsorption and discusses the involvement of each EP receptor subtype in renal collecting duct. A better understanding of the role of PGE2 in renal water transport process may improve disease management strategies for water balance disorders, including nephrogenic diabetes insipidus.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18122539","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,27]],"date-time":"2017-11-27T11:07:08Z","timestamp":1511780828000},"page":"2539","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Prostaglandin E2 in the Regulation of Water Transport in Renal Collecting Ducts"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Yuyuan","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Institute for Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuanyi","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Institute for Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Feng","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Institute for Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Youfei","family":"Guan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Institute for Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China"},{"name":"Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China"},{"name":"AstraZeneca\u2013Shenzhen University Joint Institute of Nephrology, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen 518060, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoyan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Institute for Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China"},{"name":"AstraZeneca\u2013Shenzhen University Joint Institute of Nephrology, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen 518060, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneph.2015.89","article-title":"Pathophysiology, diagnosis and management of nephrogenic diabetes insipidus","volume":"11","author":"Bockenhauer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1349","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1404726","article-title":"Molecular physiology of water balance","volume":"372","author":"Knepper","year":"2015","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F931","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00604.2013","article-title":"The physiological and pathophysiological functions of renal and extrarenal vasopressin V2 receptors","volume":"306","author":"Juul","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5063","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2005-0868","article-title":"Minireview: Aquaporin 2 trafficking","volume":"146","author":"Valenti","year":"2005","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F744","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00010.2017","article-title":"Aquaporin-2 membrane targeting: Still a conundrum","volume":"312","author":"Olesen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36839","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M005552200","article-title":"Regulation of aquaporin-2 trafficking by vasopressin in the renal collecting duct. Roles of ryanodine-sensitive Ca2+ stores and calmodulin","volume":"275","author":"Chou","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F1157","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00183.2006","article-title":"Acute regulation of mUT-A3 urea transporter expressed in a MDCK cell line","volume":"292","author":"Stewart","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"F377","article-title":"Segmental synthesis and actions of prostaglandins along the nephron","volume":"253","author":"Bonvalet","year":"1987","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1053\/j.seminoncol.2014.04.008","article-title":"Platelets, cyclooxygenases, and colon cancer","volume":"41","author":"Dovizio","year":"2014","journal-title":"Semin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1547","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00004.2008","article-title":"Prostaglandins, NSAIDs, and gastric mucosal protection: Why doesn\u2019t the stomach digest itself?","volume":"88","author":"Wallace","year":"2008","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F19","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00443.2002","article-title":"Key enzymes for renal prostaglandin synthesis: Site-specific expression in rodent kidney (rat, mouse)","volume":"285","author":"Campean","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2005.08.194","article-title":"Localization of cyclooxygenases-1 and -2, and prostaglandin F synthase in human kidney and renal cell carcinoma","volume":"338","author":"Sakurai","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trsl.2013.03.004","article-title":"Cyclooxygenase-2-prostaglandin E2-eicosanoid receptor inflammatory axis: A key player in Kaposi\u2019s sarcoma-associated herpes virus associated malignancies","volume":"162","author":"Paul","year":"2013","journal-title":"Transl. Res."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F1","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.2001.281.1.F1","article-title":"Physiological regulation of cyclooxygenase-2 in the kidney","volume":"281","author":"Harris","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.krcp.2015.10.004","article-title":"Physiology and pathophysiology of cyclooxygenase-2 and prostaglandin E2 in the kidney","volume":"34","author":"Norregaard","year":"2015","journal-title":"Kidney Res. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2261","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.V10112261","article-title":"NS-398 upregulates constitutive cyclooxygenase-2 expression in the M-1 cortical collecting duct cell line","volume":"10","author":"Ferguson","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1007\/s00011-006-0083-z","article-title":"Cloning of cyclooxygenase-1b (putative COX-3) in mouse","volume":"55","author":"Kis","year":"2006","journal-title":"Inflamm. Res."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2006.01.016","article-title":"Prostaglandin E2 synthesis and secretion: The role of PGE2 synthases","volume":"119","author":"Park","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32775","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M003504200","article-title":"Molecular identification of cytosolic prostaglandin E2 synthase that is functionally coupled with cyclooxygenase-1 in immediate prostaglandin E2 biosynthesis","volume":"275","author":"Tanioka","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1205","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1523-1755.2004.00493.x","article-title":"Membrane-associated PGE synthase-1 (mPGES-1) is coexpressed with both COX-1 and COX-2 in the kidney","volume":"65","author":"Schneider","year":"2004","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F1005","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00508.2011","article-title":"mPGES-1 deletion potentiates urine concentrating capability after water deprivation","volume":"302","author":"Jia","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prostaglandins.2008.10.003","article-title":"Microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-2 is not essential for in vivo prostaglandin E2 biosynthesis","volume":"88","author":"Jania","year":"2009","journal-title":"Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2007.07.180","article-title":"Knockout mice lacking cPGES\/p23, a constitutively expressed PGE2 synthetic enzyme, are peri-natally lethal","volume":"362","author":"Nakatani","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1432-1033.1995.0809d.x","article-title":"Molecular characterization of the mouse prostanoid EP1 receptor gene","volume":"231","author":"Batshake","year":"1995","journal-title":"Eur. J. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0706923","article-title":"Prostaglandin E2 receptor distribution and function in the gastrointestinal tract","volume":"149","author":"Dey","year":"2006","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2084","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.V10102084","article-title":"Characterization of prostanoid receptors in podocytes","volume":"10","author":"Bek","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1755.1999.00566.x","article-title":"Roles of prostaglandin E receptors in mesangial cells under high-glucose conditions","volume":"56","author":"Ishibashi","year":"1999","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F539","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00510.2013","article-title":"Antagonism of the prostaglandin E2 EP1 receptor in MDCK cells increases growth through activation of Akt and the epidermal growth factor receptor","volume":"307","author":"Taub","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1038\/icb.2011.75","article-title":"Prostaglandin E2 and T cells: Friends or foes?","volume":"90","author":"Sreeramkumar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Immunol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39672","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M110.117689","article-title":"The prostaglandin E2 receptor, EP2, stimulates keratinocyte proliferation in mouse skin by G protein-dependent and \u03b2-arrestin1-dependent signaling pathways","volume":"285","author":"Chun","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guan, Y., Stillman, B.A., Zhang, Y., Schneider, A., Saito, O., Davis, L.S., Redha, R., Breyer, R.M., and Breyer, M.D. (2002). Cloning and expression of the rabbit prostaglandin EP2 receptor. BMC Pharmacol., 2.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2210-2-14"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F1001","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.2001.280.6.F1001","article-title":"Localization of prostaglandin E2 EP2 and EP4 receptors in the rat kidney","volume":"280","author":"Jensen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2012020217","article-title":"Is there a role for PGE2 in urinary concentration","volume":"24","author":"Olesen","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1038\/5583","article-title":"Salt-sensitive hypertension and reduced fertility in mice lacking the prostaglandin EP2 receptor","volume":"5","author":"Kennedy","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1038\/365166a0","article-title":"Alternative splicing of C-terminal tail of prostaglandin E receptor subtype EP3 determines G-protein specificity","volume":"365","author":"Namba","year":"1993","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1432-1033.1993.tb18248.x","article-title":"Third isoform of the prostaglandin-E-receptor EP3 subtype with different C-terminal tail coupling to both stimulation and inhibition of adenylate cyclase","volume":"217","author":"Irie","year":"1993","journal-title":"Eur. J. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.physiol.63.1.579","article-title":"G protein-coupled prostanoid receptors and the kidney","volume":"63","author":"Breyer","year":"2001","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2009.09.064","article-title":"Prostaglandin EP3 receptor superactivates adenylyl cyclase via the Gq\/PLC\/Ca2+ pathway in a lipid raft-dependent manner","volume":"389","author":"Yamaoka","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.jbchem.a003165","article-title":"Prostaglandin receptors: Advances in the study of EP3 receptor signaling","volume":"131","author":"Hatae","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1372","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.1993.391","article-title":"In situ hybridization and localization of mRNA for the rabbit prostaglandin EP3 receptor","volume":"44","author":"Breyer","year":"1993","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F243","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00224.2014","article-title":"Chronic kidney disease: Targeting prostaglandin E2 receptors","volume":"307","author":"Nasrallah","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2614","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M109440200","article-title":"Phosphorylation of glycogen synthase kinase-3 and stimulation of T-cell factor signaling following activation of EP2 and EP4 prostanoid receptors by prostaglandin E2","volume":"277","author":"Fujino","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1124\/mol.105.017749","article-title":"EP(4) prostanoid receptor coupling to a pertussis toxin-sensitive inhibitory G protein","volume":"69","author":"Fujino","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI108108","article-title":"Evidence for an in vivo antagonism between vasopressin and prostaglandin in the mammalian kidney","volume":"56","author":"Anderson","year":"1975","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F1051","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.90202.2008","article-title":"Dehydration-induced increase in aquaporin-2 protein abundance is blocked by nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs","volume":"298","author":"Baggaley","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F1303","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00665.2010","article-title":"COX-2 disruption leads to increased central vasopressin stores and impaired urine concentrating ability in mice","volume":"301","author":"Madsen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F1430","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00682.2011","article-title":"Disruption of cyclooxygenase-2 prevents downregulation of cortical AQP2 and AQP3 in response to bilateral ureteral obstruction in the mouse","volume":"302","author":"Nilsson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F322","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00061.2005","article-title":"COX-2 inhibition prevents downregulation of key renal water and sodium transport proteins in response to bilateral ureteral obstruction","volume":"289","author":"Jensen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F1129","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.90478.2008","article-title":"mPGES-1 deletion impairs diuretic response to acute water loading","volume":"296","author":"Soodvilai","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI2872","article-title":"Prostaglandin E2 inhibits renal collecting duct Na+ absorption by activating the EP1 receptor","volume":"102","author":"Guan","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI6749","article-title":"The prostaglandin E2 EP1 receptor mediates pain perception and regulates blood pressure","volume":"107","author":"Stock","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F868","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00183.2005","article-title":"Urine concentrating defect in prostaglandin EP1-deficient mice","volume":"292","author":"Kennedy","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20451","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M010270200","article-title":"An inhibitory role of Rho in the vasopressin-mediated translocation of aquaporin-2 into cell membranes of renal principal cells","volume":"276","author":"Klussmann","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"F955","article-title":"Urinary concentrating function in mice lacking EP3 receptors for prostaglandin E2","volume":"275","author":"Fleming","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F822","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00589.2015","article-title":"The EP3 receptor regulates water excretion in response to high salt intake","volume":"311","author":"Hao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3115","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI39680","article-title":"A selective EP4 PGE2 receptor agonist alleviates disease in a new mouse model of X-linked nephrogenic diabetes insipidus","volume":"119","author":"Li","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12949","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1104691108","article-title":"Vasopressin-independent targeting of aquaporin-2 by selective E-prostanoid receptor agonists alleviates nephrogenic diabetes insipidus","volume":"108","author":"Olesen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F935","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00559.2015","article-title":"The vasopressin type 2 receptor and prostaglandin receptors EP2 and EP4 can increase aquaporin-2 plasma membrane targeting through a cAMP-independent pathway","volume":"311","author":"Olesen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8397","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1509565112","article-title":"Disruption of prostaglandin E2 receptor EP4 impairs urinary concentration via decreasing aquaporin 2 in renal collecting ducts","volume":"112","author":"Gao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_60","first-page":"F354","article-title":"Antidiuretic and PGE2 responses to AVP and dDAVP in subjects with central and nephrogenic diabetes insipidus","volume":"248","author":"Moses","year":"1985","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F388","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.2000.278.3.F388","article-title":"Prostaglandin E2 interaction with AVP: Effects on AQP2 phosphorylation and distribution","volume":"278","author":"Zelenina","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1016\/S1607-551X(10)70058-9","article-title":"Endothelin-1 enhances superoxide and prostaglandin E2 production of isolated diabetic glomeruli","volume":"26","author":"Lee","year":"2010","journal-title":"Kaohsiung J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F585","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00050.2005","article-title":"P2Y2 receptor-mediated release of prostaglandin E2 by IMCD is altered in hydrated and dehydrated rats: Relevance to AVP-independent regulation of IMCD function","volume":"289","author":"Sun","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1533","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbagen.2013.12.002","article-title":"Renal aquaporins and water balance disorders","volume":"1840","author":"Kortenoeven","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F702","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00366.2007","article-title":"Treating lithium-induced nephrogenic diabetes insipidus with a COX-2 inhibitor improves polyuria via upregulation of AQP2 and NKCC2","volume":"294","author":"Kim","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C131","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00197.2011","article-title":"Lithium reduces aquaporin-2 transcription independent of prostaglandins","volume":"302","author":"Kortenoeven","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/18\/12\/2539\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T18:51:30Z","timestamp":1760208690000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/18\/12\/2539"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,27]]},"references-count":66,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,12]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms18122539"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms18122539","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,27]]}}}