{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T21:02:36Z","timestamp":1790283756514,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,5]],"date-time":"2018-01-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1515110400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs","award":["SE0431"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SE0431"]}]},{"name":"Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs","award":["SV3500"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SV3500"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["653316"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["653316"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"German Ministry for education and research","award":["01KI1016A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["01KI1016A"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Bat rabies cases in Europe are mainly attributed to two lyssaviruses, namely European Bat Lyssavirus 1 (EBLV-1) and European Bat Lyssavirus 2 (EBLV-2). Prior to the death of a bat worker in Finland in 1985, very few bat rabies cases were reported. Enhanced surveillance in the two subsequent years (1986\u20131987) identified 263 cases (more than a fifth of all reported cases to date). Between 1977 and 2016, 1183 cases of bat rabies were reported, with the vast majority (&gt;97%) being attributed to EBLV-1. In contrast, there have been only 39 suspected cases of EBLV-2, of which 34 have been confirmed by virus typing and presently restricted to just two bat species; Myotis daubentonii and Myotis dasycneme. The limited number of EBLV-2 cases in Europe prompted the establishment of a network of European reference laboratories to collate all available viruses and data. Despite the relatively low number of EBLV-2 cases, a large amount of anomalous data has been published in the scientific literature, which we have here reviewed and clarified. In this review, 29 EBLV-2 full genome sequences have been analysed to further our understanding of the diversity and molecular evolution of EBLV-2 in Europe. Analysis of the 29 complete EBLV-2 genome sequences clearly corroborated geographical relationships with all EBLV-2 sequences clustering at the country level irrespective of the gene studied. Further geographical clustering was also observed at a local level. There are high levels of homogeneity within the EBLV-2 species with nucleotide identities ranging from 95.5\u2013100% and amino acid identities between 98.7% and 100%, despite the widespread distribution of the isolates both geographically and chronologically. The mean substitution rate for EBLV-2 across the five concatenated genes was 1.65 \u00d7 10\u22125, and evolutionary clock analysis confirms the slow evolution of EBLV-2 both between and within countries in Europe. This is further supported by the first detailed EBLV-2 intra-roost genomic analysis whereby a relatively high sequence homogeneity was found across the genomes of three EBLV-2 isolates obtained several years apart (2007, 2008, and 2014) from M. daubentonii at the same site (Stokesay Castle, Shropshire, UK).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19010156","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,8]],"date-time":"2018-01-08T04:21:21Z","timestamp":1515385281000},"page":"156","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Molecular Epidemiology and Evolution of European Bat Lyssavirus 2"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Lorraine","family":"McElhinney","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Wildlife Zoonoses and Vector Borne Disease Research Group, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Surrey KT15 3NB, UK"},{"name":"Institute of Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9215-088X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Denise","family":"Marston","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wildlife Zoonoses and Vector Borne Disease Research Group, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Surrey KT15 3NB, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0279-3900","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emma","family":"Wise","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wildlife Zoonoses and Vector Borne Disease Research Group, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Surrey KT15 3NB, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1076-398X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Conrad","family":"Freuling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich Loeffler Institute, (FLI), 17493 Greifswald, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2608-5589","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Herv\u00e9","family":"Bourhy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut Pasteur, Unit Lyssavirus Dynamics and Host Adaptation, 75015 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reto","family":"Zanoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Virology and Immunology, University of Berne, 3012 Berne, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8058-5883","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Torfinn","family":"Moldal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Norwegian Veterinary Institute, 0454 Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Engbert","family":"Kooi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, 8221 RA Lelystad, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonie","family":"Neubauer-Juric","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, 85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tiina","family":"Nokireki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Finnish Food Safety Authority Evira, 00790 Helsinki, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"M\u00fcller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich Loeffler Institute, (FLI), 17493 Greifswald, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3243-6154","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anthony","family":"Fooks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wildlife Zoonoses and Vector Borne Disease Research Group, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Surrey KT15 3NB, UK"},{"name":"Institute of Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) (2017, November 28). 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